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Literature review (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1996; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). They are 50 to 550 mm in height with a stem that is subterranean or reaches 300 mm above the ground (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plant has 3 to 4 leaves of which one is a basal leaf. Leaves are narrowly or widely grooved with 4 grooves and are sometimes minutely ciliate or filiform (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. flava populations are widespread in the southern African winter-rainfall zone (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These plants grow in sandy or clay soils from Namaqualand in the north to Humansdorp in the southeast where it occurs in fynbos and renosterveld (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.8 Romulea leipoldtii Flowers are white to cream with a yellow cup and sweetly scented (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Tepals are elliptic and 18 to 35 mm long. Filaments are 5 to 8 mm long and anthers are 5 to 8 mm long. Fruiting peduncles are bent and later erect (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Outer bracts are green with inconspicuous membranous margins. Inner bracts have colourless or brown speckled membranous margins (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. leipoldtii flowers from September to October (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These plants usually have 4 to 6 flowers or more and are 100 to 300 mm in height, with some plants reaching up to 600 mm (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The stem reaches 50 to 350 mm above ground (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plant has 4 to 6 leaves of which the lower 2 are basal. These leaves are grooved narrowly with 4 grooves (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. leipoldtii occurs from the Bokkeveld Mountains in the Northern Cape Province in the north to Klipheuwel near Malmesbury in Western Cape Province in the south where it is found growing in damp sandy soil (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). This species is closely allied with R. tabularis (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The main difference is the larger, bicoloured, cream to white 17
Literature review flowers of R. leipoldtii which has a dark yellow to orange centre (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) place this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.9 Romulea minutiflora The small flower of this species is pale mauve with a yellowish cup. The tepals are 4 to 9 mm long and elliptic (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The fruiting peduncles of this species are curved and later erect. The outer bracts have narrow margins which are frequently brown-spotted. Inner bracts can be observed to also have these brown-spotted margins (sometimes submembranous) (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Flowering occurs from July to September (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These plants have been observed to have 1 to 4 flowers and to reach 60 to 200 mm in height (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). There are several basal leaves present. These measure between 0.5 and 1.5 mm in diameter and are narrowly 4-grooved (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. minutiflora is abundant throughout the South African winter-rainfall region. Its range extends from the Bokkeveld Mountains in the west to Grahamstown in the east (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). This species has been introduced into Australia (DE VOS, 1972). R. minutiflora is closely allied to R. sinispinosensis. Both these species have corms with a spade-shaped basal ridge (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. minutiflora is however easily identifiable by its very small pale mauve or pink flowers of which the largest flower observed had tepals measuring a mere 9 mm in length (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The tepals of R. sinispinosensis are white and between 10 and 12 mm in length (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) place this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.10 Romulea monadelpha This attractive unscented species has large dark red flowers with black blotches at the edge of its creamy cup. The tepals of this species is 25 to 40 mm long and obovate-cuneate, resulting in an almost bell-shaped flower (DE VOS, 1970b). Its anther filaments are 3 to 4 mm long and oblong, adnate or fused into a column. The fruiting peduncles are curved. The upper portion of outer bracts is commonly one keeled and the inner bracts are two keeled. The outer and inner bracts both have 18
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41: Literature review often found on cl
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94:
Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96:
Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98:
2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100:
Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102:
Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104:
Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106:
Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110:
2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112:
Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114:
Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116:
Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118:
3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122:
Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124:
4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128:
Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132:
Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134:
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136:
Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138:
Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140:
Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142:
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144:
In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 161 and 162:
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Page 177 and 178:
Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180:
Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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