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COPELAND, L. O. (1976). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis. Literature cited CROSSMAN, N. D., BRYAN, B. A., and COOKE, D. A. (2008). An invasive plant and climate change threat index for weed risk management: Integrating habitat distribution pattern and dispersal process. Ecological Indicators (In press) DANTU, P. K., and BHOJWANI, S. S. (1987). In vitro propagation and corm formation in Gladiolus. Gartenbauwissenschaft 52: 90-93. DANTU, P. K., and BHOJWANI, S. S. (1995). In vitro corm formation and field evaluation of corm-derived plants of Gladiolus. Scientia Horticulturae 61: 115- 129. DE BRUYN, M. H., and FERREIRA, D. I. (1992). In vitro corm production of Gladiolus dalennii and G.tritis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 31: 123-128. DE LANGE, J. H., and BOUCHER, C. (1990). Autecological studies on Autouinia capitata (Bruniaceae). Ι. Plant-derived smoke as a seed germination cue. South African Journal of Botany 56: 700-703. DE VOS, M. P. (1970a). Bydrae tot die morfologie en anatomie van Romulea: 1. Die knol. Journal of South African Botany 36: 215-228. DE VOS, M. P. (1970b). Die herontdekte Romulea monadelpha. Journal of South African Botany 36: 1-7. DE VOS, M. P. (1972). The genus Romulea in South Africa. Journal of South African Botany Supplement 9: 1-307. DE VOS, M. P. (1983). Romulea In: Flora of southern Africa. Eds: Leistner, O.A.7(2), fascicle 2 Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, pp. 10-73. DEBERGH, P. C. A. (1994). The in vitro techniques: Their contribution to breeding and multiplication of ornamentals. Acta Horticulturae 353: 122-133. DENO, N. C. (1993). Seed Germination Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Pensylvania State University Press, State College. DESMET, P. G. (2007). Namaqualand—A brief overview of the physical and floristic environment. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 570–587. DIXON, K. W., ROCHE, S., and PATE, J. S. (1995). The promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants. Oecologia 101: 185-192. DONAHUE, R. L., MILLER, R. W., and SHICKLUNA, J. C. (1983). Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. 5th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. 157
Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CLEMENTS, R. J., and MCWILLIAM, J. R. (1971). Establishment and survival of a pasture species from seeds sown on the soil surface. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 22: 61-74. EDDY, J. L., and SMITH, D. F. (1975). Seed dispersal and germination in Romulea rosea. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15: 508-512. EDMOND, J. B., SENN, T. L., and ANDREWS, F. S. (1964). Fundamentals of Horticulture. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. EGERTON-WARBURTON, L. M. (1998). A smoke-induced alteration of the sub-testa cuticle in seeds of the post-fire recruiter, Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. (Hydrophyllaceae). Journal of Experimental Botany 49: 1317–1327. ELLIS, R. H., and ROBERTS, E. H. (1981). The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology 9: 373-409. EMERY, N., and ATKINS, C. (2006). Cytokinins and seed development In: Handbook of Seed Science and Technology. Eds: Basra, A.S. The Haworth Press, Inc., New York, pp. 63-93. EVANS, R. A., ECKERT, E. R., and KAY, B. L. (1967). Wheatgrass establishment with paraquat and tillage on Downy Brome range. Weeds 15: 50–55. FINER, J. J. (1995). Direct somatic embryogenesis In: Plant cell, tissue and organ culture: Fundamental methods. Eds: Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. Springer- Verlag, New York, pp. 91-101. FLAISHMAN, M. A., and KAMENETSKY, R. (2006). Florogenesis in flower bulbs: classical and molecular approaches In: Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology: Advances and Topical Issues. Eds: Teixera Da Silva, J.A. Global Science Books, UK, pp. 33-43. FLEMATTI, G. R., GHISALBERT, E. L., DIXON, K. W., and TRENGOVE, R. D. (2004). Molecular weight of a germination-enhancing compound in smoke. Plant and Soil 263: 1–4. FLEMING, K. M., LOPER, R., and PRIVETT, V. (2009). Romulea rosea (Iridaceae): adventive in Texas. Phytologia 91: 73-75. GABA, V. P. (2004). Plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture and development In: Plant development and biotechnology. Eds: Trigiano, R.N. and Gray, D.J. CRC Press, New York, pp. 97-99. GAMBORG, O. L., and PHILLIPS, G. C. (1995). Sterile techniques In: Plant cell, tissue and organ culture: Fundamental methods. Eds: Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 35-41. 158
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
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Literature review these channels pe
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Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
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Literature review the embryo (COPEL
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Literature review germinated under
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Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
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2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
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Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
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Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
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Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
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2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
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Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132: Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134: Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136: Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140: Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160: 5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166: In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 181: BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
Page 185 and 186: Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
Page 187 and 188: Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
Page 189 and 190: Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
Page 191 and 192: Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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