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Literature review Species belonging to Romulea are deciduous perennial geophytes (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001).The tunicated corms of these plants enable them to survive the dry season (DE VOS, 1972). At the start of the growing season a group of adventitious roots are first formed near the base of the corm after which the top axillary bud develops into a inflorescent stem (DE VOS, 1972). During growth the corm gradually shrinks and a new corm is formed, which remains dormant until the next season (DE VOS, 1972). Most of the species used in this study generally occur in seasonally moist or inundated open sandy or clay flats (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The genus Romulea is not as substrate-specific as many other southern African Iridaceae and in Romulea sp. true edaphic endemics are rare (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These edaphic endemics include most of the species endemic to the western Karoo, which is found only in fine-grained doleritic clay soil and R. barkerae, which is restricted to the coastal limestone deposits of the Saldanha district (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The corms of species belonging to Romulea are described by as globose, bell- shaped or asymmetrical and woody (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The corm consists of a few swollen, basal internodes of the axis covered by the tunics, which consists of persistent leaf bases (DE VOS, 1972). DE VOS (1972) noted that the adventitious roots of species belonging to this genus originate from a basal ridge or basal point on the corm in the form of a row or cluster that represents the ventral side of the rhizome from which the distinguishing corm of the species in the family Iridaceae evolved (DE VOS, 1972). When the plant is too high in the ground a contractile root may develop from the basal scar (DE VOS, 1972). This root is thicker than other adventitious roots (DE VOS, 1972). The new corm is most commonly obliquely attached to the old corm via the basal scar (DE VOS, 1972). This basal scar is not quite basal and is actually situated towards one side (DE VOS, 1972). A new corm develops when a basal internode of the axis develops into leafy shoots (DE VOS, 1972). The newly formed corms are still partially enclosed in the old corm tunics after formation (DE VOS, 1972). 11
Literature review The plants are short stemmed or stemless. The flowering stems of Romulea species are also usually reduced and often subterranean. The flowers are each borne singly on a branch or peduncle (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The leaves of Romulea are linear to filiform, with most species having two grooves on each surface. When the leaf is examined anatomically, it consists of a wide central rib separated from the smaller marginal ribs by wide to narrow longitudinal grooves. The stomata are located in these longitudinal grooves (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The flowers of most species are very similar except for pigmentation, which is exceptionally variable. The colour array includes uniformly yellow to white, pink, orange, apricot, red, magenta, lilac and purple, with the cup usually being yellow (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Dark markings commonly appear below the rim of the cup. The perianth is cup-shaped with a short perianth tube. The flower has six tepals, which are cupped below and spreads horizontally above. The floral cup includes the stamens which are adjoining and coherent. The style divides into three distinct style arms above mid-anther level (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The flowers are short lived and not suitable for picking (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). 2.2 SPECIES SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION According to MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) and DE VOS (1970a) the corm and its tunics appear to provide the most useful characteristics for identifying different species within the genus. In most species the corm develops a sharp lateral or basal ridge through intercalary growth of the tunics. The margins of the tunics along this fold consist of fine fibrils, forming a fibrous fringe (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) classifies these species as belonging to the subgenus Romulea. The corms of some other species have a rounded or pointed base and lack a basal ridge. In this case the tunics split into several well-defined acuminate teeth that do not have a fibrous appearance (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & 12
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
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2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
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Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
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Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
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Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
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2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
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Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
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Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
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Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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