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2.6 SOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS Literature review Soils are complex systems high in spatial variation. It universally consists of three phases; solid, liquid and gas (GLASS, 1989). The solid phase contains the major inorganic reserves of the soil, the liquid phase contains a source of nutrients that are immediately available for uptake by the roots and the gaseous phase permits exchange of gases, the most important of these gases being oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (GLASS, 1989). In addition to these physical phases soil also contains a wide variety of biota including a diverse community of interdependent plants, animals and microorganisms. Other definitions are that soils generally consists of the rocks and their weathering products, substances formed by reactions within the soil profile and material from plants and animals (SLEEMAN & BREWER, 1988) and that soil is a multilayer granular composite originating from larger rocks (LECLERC, 2003). Just by looking at the diversity in these explanations and definitions, it is clear that soil is very complex, and its study is very interdisciplinary. Although soil is so complex and creating a complete list of all the constituents of soil would be very difficult and has not been attempted, Figure 2.29 shows some of the general constituents of soil (SLEEMAN & BREWER, 1988) The mineral content of soil is the result of this weathering of larger rocks, climate, necrosis and decomposition of biota and the action of soil micro biota (LECLERC, 2003). The organic matter content of soil originates from the necrosis and decomposition of cells, tissues, organs and whole organisms (LECLERC, 2003). The nature and type of a soil is determined by the rock it originates from, the climate and the surrounding biota (LECLERC, 2003). 35
Literature review Figure 2.29: Diagrammatic representation of a small cluster of soil illustrating the complexity of organic soil. Also note the air spaces between the various components illustrated. Modified from descriptions of SLEEMAN & BREWER (1988). 2.6.1 Physical properties of soil The physical properties of soils, which are greatly influenced by surface to volume relations of the soil particles, are important in determining the availability of various important ions to the plant roots (GLASS, 1989). Soil particles often have inorganic particles bound to their surface by a specific charge, making the ions unavailable to the plant for uptake (GLASS, 1989). When bulk flows are insufficient to supply the plant demand, diffusion-limited zones might develop around the roots. This results in fluctuations in the amounts of various mineral nutrients available to the plant (GLASS, 1989). The physical properties of soil include texture, structure, density, porosity, water content, consistency, temperature and colour (DONAHUE et al., 1983). These influence root penetration and the availability of water and oxygen to the root surface (DONAHUE et al., 1983). Only soil texture and water content will be discussed here. 36
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102: Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104: Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106: Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107 and 108: Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110: 2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
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Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
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Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
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Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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