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4.3 RESULTS 4.3.1 Viability tests Germination physiology The results of the TTC and embryo excision tests are shown in Table 4.1. According to the TTC test, seed embryo and endosperm of R. camerooniana and R. flava showed < 61% staining indicating low to moderate viability respectively. All other tested species of Romulea exhibited over 90% staining of embryo and endosperm indicating high seed viability. The embryo excision test of R. camerooniana and R. rosea did not show any in vitro response. An in vitro response was however observed for all other species. Excised embryos of R. diversiformis and R. leipoldtii showed the highest percentage in vitro response. TTC and embryo excision tests were comparable for species R. diversiformis, R. leipoldtii and R. monadelpha (Table 4.1). The results of both tests differed for R. flava, R. minutiflora and R. sabulosa. Table 4.1: Seed viability tests of different Romulea species. Species TTC (embryo + endosperm) (% staining ) Embryo excision (% response) R. camerooniana 45 ± 19 0 ± 0 R. diversiformis 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 R. flava 60 ± 13 95 ± 5 R. leipoldtii 95 ± 6 100 ± 0 R. minutiflora 92 ± 12 70 ± 30 R. monadelpha 100 ± 0 90 ± 10 R. rosea 90 ± 6 0 ± 0 R. sabulosa 95 ± 5 54 ± 11 4.3.2. Water content and imbibition rate R. leipoldtii seed had the highest initial water content (37 ± 1.4%) followed by R. flava (30 ± 2.1%). The lowest seed water content was determined for R. camerooniana and R. diversiformis (23%). Overall the range of seed water content was between 23 and 37% in the studied Romulea species (Figure 4.1). In most of the species the rate of imbibition sharply increased in the first three hours and was gradual up to 6 h, followed by a sharp increase in water uptake up to 48 h, after which it was slow. R. 103
Germination physiology rosea seeds however imbibed much more water between 3 h and 6 h and had a higher percentage water content at 6 h (89 ± 7.3 %) than any other of the species tested (Figure 4.1). % water % water % water % water 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Romulea camerooniana Romulea diversiformis Hours of imbibition Romulea flava 0 0 3 6 24 48 120 168 216 264 336 Romulea leipoldtii Romulea minutiflora Romulea monadelpha Romulea rosea R. sabulosa 0 3 6 24 48 120 168 216 264 336 Hours of imbibition Figure 4.1: Water content (value at day zero) and imbibition rates of seeds of eight species of Romulea. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. 104
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102: Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104: Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106: Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107 and 108: Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110: 2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112: Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114: Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116: Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118: 3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120: Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122: Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124: 4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127: Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 131 and 132: Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134: Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136: Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140: Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160: 5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166: In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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