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Literature review ground and have a subterranean stem (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. rosea has 3 to 6 leaves which are all basal. R. rosea is common and many varieties and forms are found (DE VOS, 1972). It occurs in a variety of habitats which include stony clay flats and slopes (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). It is found throughout the Cape region from the Bokkeveld range to Port Elizabeth. This species is a known invasive in other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand and USA (EDDY & SMITH, 1975; CROSSMAN et al., 2008; VAN KLEUNEN et al., 2008; FLEMING et al., 2009). Here it is regarded as a weed and numerous strategies can be found to eradicate this species due to its moderate toxicity to sheep and goats (EDDY & SMITH, 1975; SIMMONDS et al., 2000). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Spatalanthus. 2.2.13 Romulea sabulosa The flowers are currant or glossy red and rarely pink with black blotches at the edge of the creamy or greyish green cup (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The flowers are unscented with tepals that are obovate-cuneate. The fruiting peduncles are suberect (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The outer bracts are usually keeled above with narrow, usually brown, membranous margins. The inner bracts are 2-keeled and usually also have brown membranous margins (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plants flower in July to September during which they may have 1 to 4 flowers (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Plants are 120 to 400 mm in length with a subterranean stem (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1997; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plant has 3 to 5 filiform leaves, all of which are basal (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. sabulosa is a local endemic that grows in renosterveld on clay and in the Bokkeveld Escarpment west of Nieuwoudtville on sandy soil (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1997; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places R. sabulosa in the subgenus Spatalanthus. 21
2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature review Flowers are lavender blue to white or bluish-mauve. The flower has a yellow cup and the lower half of the tepals are yellow (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). They are sometimes fragrant with tepals that are elliptic (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The fruiting peduncles are arching and later erect. Outer bracts have inconspicuous membranous margins. The inner bract is submembranous with wide brown-speckled membranous margins (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These plants flower from July to August with 2 to 4 flowers (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Plants are 100 to 350 mm in height with a stem that reaches 100 to 350 mm above ground. They have 3 to 5 leaves of which 1 or 2 are basal (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. tabularis occurs from northern Namaqualand to Cape Agulhas. Here it grows in wet, often waterlogged, sandy soils or limestone flats from Clanwilliam to Bredasdorp (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1996; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Very closely allied with R. leipoldtii, R. tabularis however has smaller flowers and bicoloured tepals (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.3 PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY The Iridaceae is a large family of petaloid monocotyledons. It includes over 1 630 species in about 77 genera (GOLDBLATT, 1990). Within the Iridaceae there are the subfamilies of Isophysidoideae, Nivenoideae, Iridoideae and Ixioideae. Romulea belongs to the subfamily Ixioideae (GOLDBLATT, 1990). Ixioideae in turn contains the tribes Pilansiae, Watsonieae and Ixieae. Romulea is a member of Ixieae (GOLDBLATT, 1990). Ixioideae is centered in Southern Africa, but some species such as Gladiolus, Crocus and Romulea also occur in Eurasia. The subfamily comprises of over 860 species of which 760 belong to the tribe Ixieae (GOLDBLATT, 1990). 22
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98:
2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100:
Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102:
Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104:
Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106:
Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107 and 108:
Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110:
2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112:
Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114:
Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116:
Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118:
3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122:
Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124:
4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128:
Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132:
Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134:
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136:
Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138:
Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140:
Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142:
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144:
In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 161 and 162:
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Page 177 and 178:
Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180:
Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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