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CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATER IN NATAlIKWAZULU The vital importance of groundwater in rural areas•.• Windpomp jare lank was sy geteem 'n stem in die woestyn maar toe skielik sluk hy wind oor die werfdans en krune van 'n kind en vurig en fier soos oor 'n k1e/ntandooi die kop geoDe en die stert bloedrooi staan ons ou s/yttand met 'n nuwe rug oor diejongste boorgat opgerig die dun bene bewe die binnegoed My lewe dit slurp en dit slcrok dis bokjol dis amok en toe met pype wat roggeJ enkoggeJ met geknars en gelrraak in Ht en gebit toe raak die gulpwater ryp in die weggooipyp roesrooi en vol wind k10pdisseJkind k10pdisseJkind ons windpomp pomp weer water en hoe later hoe kwater ons windpomp pomp weer water en wie wie't gese hy's bokkapater L. Strydom, quoted in Opperrnan, D.J., 1979. Senior Verseboek, Tafelberguitgewers Bpk, Cape Town, 278 p. Die oue put Ginds op 'n knoppie ver geJee, weg van die woeJ'ge werl en wee, armoedig le en skaars beskut in middagslaap die oue put. • • • Sy hoor naby en altyd nader die skapies om haar heen vergader; sy open ml7d haar waterfles om aI wat kom die dOTS to les. Ditput maar en sygee maar immer, dit put maar en sy we/er nimmer; net soos 'n moeder, so opreg, gee sy haar laaste druppeJ weg! Totius (J.D. Du Tool, quoted in Malherbe, D.F., 1959. Afrikaanse Verse: 'n Bloemlesing vir die Middelbare Skool, Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk, Cape Town, 214 p.
Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATER IN NATAUKWAZULU 11.1 Introduction............................................. 170 11 .2 Groundwater in South Africa • • . . . . . • . • • • • • . • • • • . . • . . . . . • • . . •. 171 11.3 A brief overview of certain legal aspects of groundwater in South Africa .. 174 11.4 . Some primary sources of groundwater information for Natal/KwaZulu •..• 175 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 Detailed surveys . . . • • • • . . . . • • . . . . . • • • . . • . . • . • • • . . •• 175 Groundwater data • • . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . • . . • . • . . . . . • • . . .. 176 The National Groundwater Database • • . • • . • . • . . • . . . . . . . .. 178 11 .5 Groundwater models ...•........•.••......••.•...•.••.•..• 179 11.6 A review of groundwater conditions in Natal/KwaZulu ••...•••••...•• 180 11.6.1 11.6.2 11.6.3 Types of aquifers .•••.•.•.••.•..•...••.•.....••.... 180 Factors affecting groundwater availability •.•.•........•..• 180 Hydrogeological characteristics of geological formations and methods of groundwater extraction .••..•.....•.••••.... 182 (a) Primary aquifers . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • . • • . .. 182 li) Alluvial and estuarine sediments (Quaternary) •••.•... 182 lii) Berea Formation (Quaternary) • • • • • • • • . • • • . • . • • . .. 184 liii) Holocene sands (Quaternary) ••••.•••..•..•..••.. 185 (b) Secondary aquifers . • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • . • • • • . • • • • . . .. 186 li) Intrusive rocks ..••.••••••..•.•..••••.•..•... 186 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics of geological formations and faults . . • . . . 191 (a) Proterozoic and older granitic and related rock formations • .. 191 (b) Natal Group formations • • . • • • • • . . • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • •. 191 (c) Dwyka Tillite Formation •.•••.••.•••••••..•••.•••. 191 (d) Pietermaritzburg Shale and Vryheid formations ••••••••.. 192 (e) Volksrust and Estcourt formations and various formations of the Adelaide and Tarkastad subgroups (Beaufort Group) and the Molteno. E1liot and Clarens formations •.•.•..•••.•. 192 1fI Drakensberg. Letaba and Jozini formations •...•••.•.••• 193 (g) Intrusive Karoo dolerite . • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . • • . . . . . . • •• 194 (h) Faults....................................... 195 (i) Makatini. Msinene and St Lucia formations (Cretaceous) • . •. 195 (j) Uloa Formation (Miocene) .••••...••••••.••...••••. 196 (k) Port Dumford Formation (P1eistocene) • • • • . . • . • . . • • . . •. 196
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
Page 173: Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 191 and 192: 187 Table K1: Some geological forma
Page 193 and 194: 189 fault-bounded blocks, although
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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