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(v) Alcock. P.• 1986. An examination of household water consumption
in the Inadi Ward. KwaZulu. Civil Engineer in South Africa. VOl
28(11). p. 424 - 426.• provided overview water consumption data
for various black townships in southern Africa. Broad planning and
water demand data (on a regional basis). are presented in
Anonymous, 1986. Management of the Water Resources of the
Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs. Pretoria,
various pages. as well as in Home Glasson Partners (1989 - above).
In similar vein, see: Emmett. T. and Rakgoadi. S.• 1993. Water
supply and sanitation services in South Africa. Project for Statistics
on Living Standards and Development. Southern Africa labour and
Development Research Unit. University of Cape Town, Rondebosch.
218 p. + app., as well as Palmer. I. and Eberhard, R., 1994.
Evaluation of water supply to developing urban communities in South
Africa. Phase 1 - overview. WRC Report No. KV 49/94, Water
Research Commission. Pretoria. various pages. (The latter two
publications contain useful regional water demand data for black
settled areas in South Africa, with special reference to urbanized
communities).
(vi) Interesting (historical) incremental water consumption data for rural
American (farm) households were provided by Kains. M.G.• 1973.
Five Acres and Independence: a Practical Guide to the Selection and
Management of the Small Farm, New American Library, New York,
401 p' The design consumption data are given below. The data
have relevance for the upgrading of services in black informal and
some formal settlements.
.
Supply situation Design consumption
(t capita-' day·')
Water carried to the household 30
Pump at kitchen sink 38
Tap at kitchen sink 45
Running hot and cold water in the kitchen 68
Complete plumbing with water under pressure 114
(including some form of septic tank system)