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IIfll••11I11<br />

Contents (continued}<br />

168<br />

11.7 Methods <strong>of</strong> groundwater exploitation .•••.•••.... . . . • . • • . . . . • . •. 198<br />

11 .7.1 Borehole depths •.•••.•..••.•••.•••••...•.•.•..•... 198<br />

11.7.2 Springs •....••.....•••.•..•••••.•..•...•...••••• 198<br />

11.8 Methods <strong>of</strong> groundwater location • • • • . • . . . • • • • . . . . • • . . . • • • • . . .. 199<br />

11.9 Government drilling services •.•.•••••••.•..••.•.•.••....••.•• 201<br />

11.9.1 South Africa. . . . . • • . • . . . • . • • • • • . . . . • • . • . . • . • . . . . •• 201<br />

11.9.2 KwaZulu •.•...............••••.•.•.•.•.•••...••• 204<br />

la) Boreholes .•..•..••.••••••.••••••...•.•.•••..• 204<br />

Ib) Wells •••.••..•...••..•.••.•..••.•..•........ 205<br />

11.10 Groundwater equipment ...••.••..•.•..•..•..•...•.•.•...••• 206<br />

11.11 Standards applicable to the borehole industry .•..•••.••.•.••..•••. 207<br />

11.12 Spring protection in KwaZulu . • • • . . • • • • • • . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . • . . .. 207<br />

11.12.1 Types <strong>of</strong> springs • • • . . . . . . • • • • . . • . . • . • . . • . • • . • . . . . .• 208<br />

la) Gravity springs • • • • . • • • • • • • • . . • • . • . • . • • • . . • • • . .. 209<br />

Ib) Artesian springs • • . . . . • . • . • • . . • • • • . • . . . . . • • • • • •. 209<br />

11.13 Springs. boreholes and wells in Natal • . • • . • • • • • . . . • • • • . . . . . • • . •. 212<br />

11.14 Overall groundwater quality in South Africa •..•••••.••••••••••••. 217<br />

11.14.1 Some general observations regarding groundwater quality laccording<br />

to Bond. 1946) • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . .. 220<br />

11.14.2 An examination <strong>of</strong> the Bond (1946) classification. with comments<br />

on northern NatallKwaZulu ••.•.•••.••••••.•.....••.•. 221<br />

11.15 Hygrophilous trees in Natal/KwaZulu ........................... 225<br />

11.16 Grasses typical <strong>of</strong> wet areas in NatallKwaZulu •.••••••••••••••••.. 225<br />

11.17 Some primary publications on groundwater in South Africa • • • • • • • • • • • . 227<br />

11.17.1 General •.••.•••••••••••••••••••....•••••••••••.. 227<br />

11.17.2 Natal/Kwazulu survey reports las per mapping unit) •••••••••. 232

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