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188 Table K1: Some geological formations in South Africa. with special reference to NataUKwaZulu (continued). Stratigraphy Geological formation Uthology Karoo Supergroup Ecca Group Normandien Mudstones and (continued) Formation (Estcourt shales Formation) Volksrust Formation Mudstones and shales Permian Vryheid Formation Sandstones and shales Pietermaritzburg Shales Shale Formation Carboniferous Dwyka Group Dwyka TIllite TIllites/diamictites. Formation conglomerates, sandstones. siltstones and mudstones Cape Supergroup Witteberg Group Msikaba Formation Sandstones . Devonian Ordovician- Natal Group Mariannhill Sandstones, Siluraian Formation quartzites, Durban Formation shales and conglomerates Mokolian Various groups, Various formations Granites, gneisses, Vaalian metamorphic schists and Randian suites and amphibolites Swazian complexes - (Mapumulo, Mzimkulu. Ngoye. Tugela, Mfongozi. Nsuzi, Mozaan and Nondweni) Source: Maud. R.R.• 1995. Unpublished document. Drennan Maud and Partners. Durban. Note: (i) Descending order in the above table implies increasing geological age. (ii) The term "Dwyka Tillite" per se is no longer in common use in the geological literature. The term "Karoo" appears in older texts as "Karroo". The latter spelling has been discontinued. Brackets denote a pending change in nomenclature.
189 fault-bounded blocks, although horst and graben (block and basin) structures are present in the northern central part of this area. In the north, the structure of the Lebombo area is mainly that of a seaward faulted flexure. The tilted fault blocks in general are tilted in a seaward direction, the amount of tilt of the individual blocks usually increasing in this direction to a maximum of about 15 0 • Locally however, blocks can tilt in an inland direction, as in the major block north of Port Shepstone and between the Thukela and Mlalazi rivers. Fault zones may vary in width from less than a metre in the case of small faults, to 10 m and more in respect of large faults such as the Eteza Fault north of Empangeni. Fault zones may comprise either silicified or kaolinised fault breccia. The interior of the province by contrast, is unfaulted, the rocks of the Karoo Supergroup generally having a regional bedding dip of less than about 3 0 in a westerly or inland direction. The rocks of the Proterozoic and Archaeozoic basement - recently renamed beneath the sediments of the Natal Group and the Karoo Supergroup, where exposed, are usually strongly lineated, and are steeply foliated in rock types other than batholithic granite intrusions. All rocks in the region are jointed (a discontinuity on which no significant movement has taken place), to a greater or lesser degree. Faults and joints being sites of weakness in the rocks, tend to be erosion-susceptible and thus very frequently have rivers and streams aligned along them. In some parts of the province, the drainage pattern is fully controlled by the distribution of faults and joints. Faults and joints have a very important effect on the gioundwater situation (as discussed later). In the tilted fault block coastal area, the inclination of the bedding planes of sedimentary rocks where so tilted (particularly sandstones), has a marked influence on the movement of groundwater, as the direction of such movement is generally in the down-dip direction of the bedding planes. • Distribution of geological formations Away from the faulted coast and coastal hinterland areas of Natal/KwaZulu - where different rock types are very frequently juxtaposed as a result of the faulting - increases in altitude result in a simple elevation in the Iithostratigraphic sequence. Overall, the granitic Proterozoic and older rocks form a fairly broad belt on the inner margin of the coastal faulted zone. These rocks occur at the coast in the south but at an increasing distance from the coast in a northerly direction, except where they are returned to this
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
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IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
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1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
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10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
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124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
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111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
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Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169 and 170: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
Page 171 and 172: Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
Page 173: Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 191: 187 Table K1: Some geological forma
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
Page 222 and 223: JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
Page 224 and 225: i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
Page 226 and 227: 222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
Page 228 and 229: 1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
Page 230 and 231: 226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
Page 232 and 233: 228 also obtainable from the Ground
Page 234 and 235: Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
Page 236 and 237: 232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
Page 238 and 239: 234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
Page 240 and 241: Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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