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(b) Secondary aquifers (i) Intrusive rocks 186 A summary of the more important geological formations and the rock types thereof, which as secondary (hard rock) aquifers, comprise by far the greater portion of NatallKwaZulu is given in Table Kl. Intrusions of Karoo dolerite occur extensively in the province, especially in the interior. These commonly take the form of sub-horizontal or slightly inclined sheets or sills, which may vary in thickness from about a metre to more than 100 m. Due to their resistance to erosion, the thicker dolerite sheets in the interior of Natal/KwaZulu result in high-rising prominent flat-topped topographic features, which characterize much of the interior of the province. With ascent in the sediments of the Karoo Supergroup, the incidence and magnitude of the dolerite sheet intrusions increases markedly. In rocks below the Karoo Supergroup, except in some places in the sandstones of the Natal Group, intrusions of Karoo dolerite are relatively rare. Vertical or inclined dyke intrusions of Karoo dolerite, which seldom exceed about 6 m in width, are also generally rare in the province, by comparison with the incidence of sheet intrusions. Dykes tend to be somewhat more common in the upper portions of the Karoo Supergroup. Adjacent to the dolerite sheets, especially the thinner sheets, and also in the case of the dykes, the country rocks are often disturbed for a distance of a few metres. The Karoo dolerite sheets (and where they occur), the dykes of the same material, are of major significance for groundwater in Natal/KwaZulu. • Geological structure The coast and coastal hinterland areas generally for a distance of up to some 80 km from the sea are strongly faulted, which is indicative of the rifted margin of the sub-continent at that point. The distribution of the faults reflects a conjugate shear fracture pattern resulting from tensional conditions prevailing during the disruption of Gondwana, which initiated the coastline in the late Jurassic (160 million years ago). The faults are all of the tensional or gravity type, the fault surfaces dipping towards the downthrow side at steep angles of about 80 0 • The structure of this part of Natal/KwaZulu is mainly one of tilted
187 Table K1: Some geological formations in South Africa. with special reference to Natal/KwaZulu. Stratigraphy Geological formation Uthology Quaternary Sibayi Formation Calcareous and (Berea Formation) other sediments Pleistocene (Bluff Formation) Port Durnford Formation Maputaland Group Tertiary Uloa Formation Sandstone and sands Miocene Calcareous sandstone Shelly coquina Cretaceous St Lucia Formation Siltstones Msinene Formation Umestones Makatini Formation Conglomerates (Intrusive) Dolerite Lebombo Group Jozini Formation Rhyolite and dacite Letaba Formation Basalt . Jurassic Drakensberg Basalt Formation Karoo Supergroup Beaufort Group Clarens Formation Sandstones Elliot Formation Mudstones Molteno Formation Sandstones . Triassic Tarkastad SUbgroup Various formations Mudstones. shales and sandstones Adelaide Subgroup Various formations Mudstones, shales and sandstones
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
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IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
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1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
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10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
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124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
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111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
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Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169 and 170: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
Page 171 and 172: Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
Page 173: Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 193 and 194: 189 fault-bounded blocks, although
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
Page 222 and 223: JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
Page 224 and 225: i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
Page 226 and 227: 222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
Page 228 and 229: 1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
Page 230 and 231: 226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
Page 232 and 233: 228 also obtainable from the Ground
Page 234 and 235: Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
Page 236 and 237: 232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
Page 238 and 239: 234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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