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Anales galdosianos [Publicaciones periódicas]. Año XII, 1977 been unknown to Galdós (nor could don Benito have failed to take into account the Saint of Avila, not of noble blood but a figure of the highest possible spirituality). However, in a novel so heavily influenced by Don Quijote and La Mancha, it might be more fruitful to look for a prototype of Teresa Guillén in Teresa Panza, who keeps a jar of wine by her spinning-wheel. In fact, Encarnación may be seen as a commonsense Sancho who uses popular speech (the nineteenth century equivalent of proverbs) and tries to show «reality» to a (degenerately) Quixotic Isidora. 50 A parallel process takes place with the name of Encarnación's neighbor. She is first called « tía Gordita » (ms. p. 85), an appropriate name for the neighbor of a demented Teresa. She is rechristened « señá Agustina » in the final version and printed text (ms. p. 85; OC p. 1000 b ), and in Chapter VI is finally fixed as « Angustias » for the rest of the novel. « Angustias » is a much more appropriate and dignified companion than is « la tía Gordita » for the Encarnación of the end of Chapter III, the common-sense Word made flesh that Galdós felt Spain to be so in need of. We have seen, then, two major developments in the Sanguijuelera's character that are really intertwined. First: she was originally conceived as an extremely «Naturalistic» denizen of Madrid's lower class. But this conception rapidly became too narrow; she could not serve Galdós' purpose if she were portrayed as nothing more than a drunken degenerate (and his purpose, as we understand it, is to juxtapose a rational figure to one whose rationality has been eclipsed by too much imagination; a figure of naked truth contrasted with one of wilful blindness). She therefore had to be a hardworking, honest «woman of the people», one of the «decent poor», as Betty Higden says (she is another possible prototype for Encarnación; and the scene in which she appears with Sloppy, who is working the clothespress, may have been the seed from which both Encarnación and Mariano's work in the rope factory grew) 51 . The development away from degeneracy can be seen in the manuscript deletion of la del Villar ». Another example is the protagonist of Castillo Solórzano's picaresque novel, Teresa de Manzanares. 50 At this stage of Galdós' career he still felt that the spirit of Don Quijote (as he then understood it) was detrimental to Spain' progress in the modern world. Later he would change his mind. 51 Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (London: Everyman, 1970), pp. 186-188. See Stephen Gilman's forthcoming article in Anales galdosianos wherein he discusses the importance of this same scene in relation to Jacinta's visit to the cuarto estado . He was the first to point out the possibility of Betty Higden's being a partial prototype for Encarnación: «She was one of those old women, was Mrs. Betty Higden, who by dint of an indomitable purpose and a strong constitution fight down many years, 36
Anales galdosianos [Publicaciones periódicas]. Año XII, 1977 many characteristics suitable to Gervaise in the final stages of her fall; it can also be seen to an extent in the introduction and subsequent deletion of two of the Sanguijuelera's three names. And second: the constant religious references used by Encarnación indicate that she has something as important as Scripture to say to her great-niece'(hence the name that was finally chosen, Encarnación). For this reason she must be a recognizable figure of truth acceptable to Galdós' readers, an orthodox woman who would not allow her great-nephew to attend a Protestant school. The Sanguijuelera gives away the entire ending of the novel when she tells Isidora: « Vivirás en las mentiras como el pez en el agua, y siempre serás una pisahormigas » -but she does so in such a way that the reader is left wondering if she is telling the truth. It will only be confirmed definitively by the letter signed « Santiago Quijano- Quijada » which ends Part I. It is a tribute to Galdós' novelistic and stylistic skill that the signature can still come as a shock after Encarnación's prophecy at the end of Chapter III. Harvard University though each year has come with its new knockdown blows fresh to the fight against her, wearied by it; an active old woman, with a bright dark eye and a resolute face...» (p. 186). 37
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