DOE/ORO/2327 Oak Ridge Reservation Annual Site Environmental ...

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Oak Ridge Reservation Toxicity refers to an adverse effect of a chemical on human health. Every day we ingest chemicals in the form of food, water, and sometimes medications. Even those chemicals usually considered toxic are usually nontoxic or harmless below a certain concentration. Concentration limits or advisories are set by government agencies for some chemicals that are known or are thought to have an adverse effect on human health. These concentration limits can be used to calculate a chemical dose that would not harm even individuals who are particularly sensitive to the chemical. G.3.2 Dose Terms for Noncarcinogens G.3.2.1 Reference Dose A reference dose is an estimate of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Units are expressed as milligrams of chemical per kilogram of an adult’s body weight per day (mg/kg-day). These values are given in Table G.1. Values for reference doses are derived from doses of chemicals that result in no adverse effect or the lowest dose that showed an adverse effect on humans or laboratory animals. Uncertainty factors are typically used in deriving reference doses. Uncertainty adjustments may be made if animal toxicity data are extrapolated to humans to account for human sensitivity, extrapolated from subchronic to chronic noobserved-adverse-effect levels, extrapolated from lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels to no-observedadverse-effect levels, and to account for database deficiencies. The use of uncertainty factors in deriving reference doses is thought to protect the sensitive human populations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains the Integrated Risk Information System database, which contains verified reference doses and up-to-date health risk and EPA regulatory information for numerous chemicals. G.3.2.2 Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels For chemicals for which reference doses are not available in the Integrated Risk Information System, national primary drinking water maximum contaminant levels, expressed in milligrams of chemical per liter of drinking water, are converted to reference dose values by multiplying by 2 liters (L) (the average daily adult water intake) and dividing by 70 kg (the reference adult body weight). The result is a “derived” reference dose expressed in milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg-day). These values are given in Table G.1. G.3.3 Dose Term for Carcinogens G.3.3.1 Slope Factor A slope factor is a plausible upper-bound estimate of the probability of a response per unit intake of a chemical during a lifetime. The slope factor is used to estimate an upper-bound probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of a lifetime exposure to a particular level of a potential carcinogen. Units are expressed as risk per dose (mg/kg-day). These values are given in Table G.1. The slope factor converts the estimated daily intake averaged over a lifetime exposure to the incremental risk of an individual developing cancer. Because it is unknown for most chemicals whether a threshold (a dose below which no adverse effect occurs) exists for carcinogens, units for carcinogens are set in terms of risk factors. Acceptable risk levels for carcinogens range from 10 –4 (risk of developing cancer over a human lifetime of 1 in 10,000) to 10 –6 (risk of developing cancer over a human lifetime is 1 in 1,000,000). In other words, a certain chemical concentration in food or water could cause a risk of one additional cancer for every 10,000 (10 –4 ) to 1,000,000 (10 –6 ) exposed persons, respectively. G-4 Appendix G. Chemicals
Table G.1. Chemical reference doses and slope factors used in drinking water and fish intake analysis Elements Compounds Annual Site Environmental Report Chemical Factor Reference a Chemical Factor Reference a Antimony 4.0E–04 RfD Arsenic 3.0E–04 RfD Aroclor-1016 7.0E–05 RfD Aroclor-1254 2.0E-05 RfD 1.5E+00 SF Aroclor-1260 2.0E–05 RfD b Barium 2.0E–01 RfD PCBs (mixed) 2.0E+00 SF c Beryllium 2.0E–03 RfD 1,2-Dichloroethane 9.1E-02 SF Boron 2.0E–01 RfD Cadmium 5.0E–04 RfD Chromium VI Cobalt 3.0E–03 RfD Lead Lithium Magnesium 1.4E–04 d,e Manganese 1.4E–01 RfD Mercury 3.0E–04 RfD f Molybdenum 5.0E–03 RfD Nickel 2.0E–02 RfD Selenium Silicon 5.0E–03 RfD Silver 5.0E–03 RfD Strontium 6.0E–01 RfD Thallium Titanium 5.7E–05 d,g Uranium 3.0E–03 RfD Vanadium 9.0E–03 RfD Zinc 3.0E–01 RfD a RfD: reference dose (mg/kg-day); SF: slope factor (risk per mg/kg-day). b The RfD for Aroclor-1254 is also used for Aroclor-1260. c The cancer potency of PCB mixtures is determined using a three-tiered approach. This value is the upper bound slope factor for the High Risk and Persistence Tier. d The water quality criteria (WQC) are given in units of micrograms per liter. To convert the concentration to an RfD (mg/kg-day), divide by 1000 (to convert to milligrams per liter), multiply by the consumption rate (2 L/day), and divide by the mass of a reference man, 70 kg. e This value is based on the 2008 Tennessee WQC (TDEC 2008) for lead for domestic water supplies which reflects the maximum contaminant level value (5 μg/L). f An EPA-approved oral chronic RfD, SF, or other guideline for elemental mercury in water or aquatic organisms is not available. Most guidelines refer to “recoverable” or inorganic mercury. RfD values exist for several inorganic mercury salts. The EPA oral RfD for soluble mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is 3.0E–04 mg/kg/day. g This value is based on the 2008 Tennessee WQC (TDEC 2008) for thallium for domestic water supplies, which reflects the maximum contaminant level value (2 μg/L). Appendix G. Chemicals G-5
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Oak Ridge Reservation Annual Site E
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Appendix A. Errata
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Appendix B. Glossary
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