Growth model of the reared sea urchin Paracentrotus ... - SciViews

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General introduction diets rich in proteins (Klinger et al, 1997; Spirlet, 2001). Gonad enhancement in culture is a necessity in Canada because sea urchins are at the right stage of maturity during the winter. At this time, the sea is frozen and the collection of sea urchins under the ice by scuba divers is a painful and dangerous activity. One solution is to collect animals during autumn, store them in tanks, and feed them with an adequate diet before marketing them (Motnikar et al, 1997). The use of cages in sea ranching operations is also an alternative and may be used in mono- or polycultures (Keats et al, 1983; Kelly et al, 1998). As for any mariculture activity, degradation of cages by waves and storms is a major problem, and site location is critical. Suitable sites are limited, and there is often strong competition for space with other mariculture activities like salmoniculture or mytiliculture on long lines. Because of their grazing activity, sea urchins erode the cage nets and are also a direct cause of depredation which increases maintenance costs (Kelly et al, 1998). The ultimate step in the aquaculture production of sea urchin is independence from natural resources, that is, to control the whole life cycle in culture, from spawning to gonad enhancement (Le Gall, 1990; Hagen, 1996a). This is the goal we established for the experimental facility in Normandy. It is called "closed-cycle echiniculture" (Grosjean et al, 1998, see Part I). Somatic growth of juveniles untill they reach market size is a process that requires major improvements in current technology and is key to the successful development of closed-cycle echiniculture. The present work is devoted to achieving this goal. Overview of the biology of Paracentrotus lividus The common European sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Echinidae) is a marine invertebrate that lives along European coasts of the North Atlantic (Ireland, Brittany, Spain) and troughout the Mediterranean Sea. It colonizes two types of 35
General introduction habitats: intertidal (or sometimes subtidal) rocky shores (Atlantic, Mediterranean sea) and Posidonia oceanica (L.) beds (Mediterranean sea) (Fernandez, 1996). Figure 1. Paracentrotus lividus in a tidal pool in Morgat, Brittany, France. Echinoids are hardly visible (dark patches) being partly burrowed in cracks and holes in the rock and hidden by stones, empty patellid shells and seaweed fragments (covering behavior). In rocky shores, echinoids have a burrowing behavior (Fig. 1). The holes they bore in the rock protect them from waves and predators. Juveniles and adults are abundant in tidal pools close to algal fields (Laminaria spp., but mainly Laminaria digitata Lamouroux in Briton and Irish coasts). These sedentary populations feed on drift algae fragments brought in the pools by waves and water currents. Some infratidal dense populations also exist, but they exhibit the same sedentary and hidden behavior (Grosjean, pers. obs.). In contrast, in the Mediterranean Sea, most populations grow in Posidonia oceanica beds where they exhibit a circadian cycle of activity. 36
Page 1 and 2: U L B bio mar UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE B
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS W
Page 6 and 7: Abstract ABSTRACT A rearing protoco
Page 8 and 9: Résumé RESUME Un protocole d'éle
Page 10 and 11: Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 12 and 13: ANNEXES............................
Page 14 and 15: List of figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
Page 16 and 17: List of figures Figure 28. A. Histo
Page 18 and 19: List of tables LIST OF TABLES Table
Page 20 and 21: List of equations LIST OF EQUATIONS
Page 22 and 23: List of equations Equation 33. Para
Page 24 and 25: List of symbols LIST OF SYMBOLS Var
Page 26 and 27: List of symbols IW Immersed weight:
Page 28: Introduction 27
Page 31 and 32: Foreword 30
Page 33 and 34: General introduction this study. Se
Page 35: General introduction intense fishin
Page 39 and 40: General introduction substrate to s
Page 41 and 42: General introduction mm (Spirlet et
Page 43 and 44: Growth models General introduction
Page 45 and 46: . The logistic function for asympto
Page 47 and 48: d. The von Bertalanffy curves Gener
Page 49 and 50: Y Y 1 Y• 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 General
Page 51 and 52: Y 1 Y• 0.8 0.6 Y•êH1+bL 0.4 0.
Page 53 and 54: YY 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 General introd
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Models used to fit sea urc
Page 57 and 58: General introduction model 1 for Ec
Page 59 and 60: General introduction method used. I
Page 61 and 62: General introduction Experiments in
Page 63 and 64: Aim of the thesis 62
Page 66 and 67: PART I: SET UP OF AN EXPERIMENTAL R
Page 68 and 69: Land-based closed-cycle echinicultu
Page 70 and 71: Aquaculture of echinoderms, includi
Page 72 and 73: 6b. exploitation KCl water renewal
Page 74 and 75: earing cycle into seven stages is e
Page 76 and 77: (Grosjean et al, 1996, see Part III
Page 78 and 79: output. The quality of gametes is o
Page 80 and 81: average value of 19.5 days, a minim
Page 82 and 83: individuals were still alive 3 mont
Page 84 and 85: e. Discussion show similar GI and M
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The success of the present method l
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Fenaux (1990) for the same species
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encountered with food is its stabil
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to Christine Spirlet (ref. ERB 4001
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PART II Measurement for size in the
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Part II: Measurement for size in th
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Few studies have compared and discu
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d. Results and discussion The ambit
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Reproducibility of measurements The
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e. Conclusions fresh weight! Cautio
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principal axis 3 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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a relative homogeneous growth of al
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110
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Part III: Experimental studies of t
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assumption of normality can be test
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occurred. From this moment on, and
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d. Results Size distribution among
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Nber of ind. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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Table 9. Statistics on the six batc
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Table 10. Size distribution of Fe e
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purpuratus; Dafni & Tobol, 1987: Tr
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Nbr. of ind. Nbr. of ind. A. Size d
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Nbr. of ind. Nbr. of ind. Nbr. d'in
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Part III: Experimental studies of t
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134
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Part IV: A growth model with intras
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. Introduction fuzzy-remanent funct
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considered factor on the curve's sh
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Diameter D 20 in mm Diameter D in m
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d. Results Theoretical consideratio
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some two-dimensional processes like
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implements this method ('nlrq' pack
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value just after metamorphosis (D0,
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quantifies maximum speed growth, k2
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Table 12. Results of quantile regre
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This way, one obtains a 4-parameter
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individuals related to the presence
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Finally, ∆D∞ should follow a no
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60 Diameter increase D' in mm 40 20
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e. Discussion Fig. 34B shows three
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Constraining parameters as we did i
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It does not consider respiration as
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this species. For other species, wh
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ecapture, McDonald & Pitcher, 1979;
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∆D∞ D0 +∆D∞ − D0 +∆D∞
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evaluated on basis of biological kn
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ain conceptualizes complex objects.
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180
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General conclusions individuals, wh
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Root models: y’ = ay m -by n (exp
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General conclusions - The diauxic g
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General conclusions model not on a
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References Baker, T.T., R. Lafferty
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References Dafni, J. & R. Tobol, 19
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References Ebert, T.A., 1999. Plant
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References intermedius on a rocky s
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References Guillou, M. & Ch. Michel
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References Kobayashi, S. & J. Taki,
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References McDonald, P.D. & T.J. Pi
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References Pouvreau, S., C. Bacher
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References Sellem, F., H. Langar &
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References Stumm, W. & J.J. Morgan,
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References Webster, S.K. & A.C. Gie
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212
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Annexes 214
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# If no graphic device currently op
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lines(edatq[, 1], predict(edat.025,
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SimRes
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Annexes Code of functions required
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plot(cumsum(dat[,columns[1]])/sum(d
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for the CI!!! Annexes SEMean
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} Annexes # - y, a vector of classe
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plot(x, y, type="l", col=col, lty=l
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} Annexes } results[i, 1:5]
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} .value Annexes dimnames(.grad)
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#{ # # This is adapted from SSasymp
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Exp.ival
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SSallo
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.expr4
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.expr9
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. The 'nlrq' package for nonlinear
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nlrq.control package:nlrq R Documen
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gradSetArgs[[2]]), call("[", gradSe
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model.step
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Annexes 254
Page 257 and 258:
Annexes 256
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Annexes metamorphosis. Acquisition
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Annexes ABSTRACT: The general allom
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Annexes libitum for 8, 16, 24, 32,
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Annexes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The aim
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Annexes KEYWORDS: Somatic growth, d
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Annexes amount of waste produced at
Page 271 and 272:
Annexes ABSTRACT: Multimodal distri
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