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98 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Tlrocystis gladiolicola Ainsworth Gladiolus Smut Urocystis gladiolicola Ainsworth, Trans. Brit, mycol. Sdc, xxxii, p. 257, 1950. Sori in the leaves, as dark brown blisters paraUelwith the jv^eins, 1 mm. to several cm. in length, the epidermis rupturing to expose the spores, and in the corms. Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spore balls globose, 154-28 ft diam., each composed of one or two spores completely surrounded by a rstther irregular layer of colourless sterile cells, 6-10 [i diam. Spores globose or sU'ghtly angled, reddishbro%vn, 12-18 ju. diam. On cultivated Gladiolus. June, Dec. Somerset, Cornwall. Spore germination. Unknown. The fungus on which W. G. Smith based Urocystis gladioli W. G. Sm. was a species of Papulaspora (see Ainsworth, 1950). Urocystis hepaticae-trilobae (DC.) Ainsworth & Sampson, comb. nov. Uredo ranunculacearum 8 hepaticae-trilobae De CandoUe, Flor. franc, vi, p. 75, 1815. Tuburcinia hepaticae-trilobae (DC.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the leaves as blister-like swellings beneath the epidermis which ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls rather irregular, 21-52 n diam., each composed of one to seven (usually three to five) spores partially surrounded by yellowish-tinted, sterile cells, 10-13 /ix diam. Spores globose, angular or somewhat elongated, dark brown, smooth, 14-19 JJ. diam. On Hepatica pennsylvanica, Kew Gardens, 1890 [as Urocystis pompholygodesi, [Herb. Kew.]. Infection of the Iwst. Markova (1927) found that spores from Hepatica triloba would not infect Trollius europaeus, Anemone spp., or Ranunculus spp. Urocystis junci Lagerh. Urocystis junci Lagerheim, genuina Lagerheim, Botaniska Notiser 1888, p. 210. Tuburcinia junci (Lagerh.) Liro, 1922. Sori inside the lower parts of the stems which finally rupture. Spore mass powdery, brownish black. Spore balls globose to rather irregular, 20-50 fi diam., each composed of one to four (occasionally up to eight or more) spores, completely surrounded by a layer of smooth, elUpsoidal, yellowish cells 7-10 X 3-5 /x. Spores globose to ellipsoidal, yellowish, smooth, 12-16 n diam. On Juncus acutus. Burnfen Broad, Norfolk, 2.viii.l945, E. A. Ellis {Trans. Norf. Norwich Nat. Soc., xvi, p, 175, 1946 [Herb. I.M.I. 582]). Spore germination. Unknown. Urocystis occulta (Walk.) Rabenh. Stripe Smut of Rye Erysibe occulta Wallroth, Flor. Crypt. Qerm., ii, p. 212, 1833. Uredo parallela Berkeley, 1836. Polycystis parallela (Berk.) Fries, 1849. Polycystis occulta (Wallr.) Schlechtendal, 1852.
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis occulta (Wallr.) Rabenhorst in Klotzsch, Herb. viv. myc, ii, No. 393, 1856. Urocystis parallela (Berk.) Fischer von Waldheim, 1870. Tufmrcinia occulta (Wallr.) Lire, 1922. Sori in the leaves, culms, and inflorescence as very long, dark, linear blisters parallel with the veins, at first covered by the epidermis which later ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, dark reddish-brown. Spore halls globose to somewhat elongated, 15-26 /A long, each composed of one or two (rarely three or four) spores, completely or, frequently, incompletely surrounded by a layer of hyaline or tinted sterile cells, 5-10 /x, diam. Spores globose or angled, flattened on side of contact, reddish-brown, smooth, 12-16 fi diam. (Fig. 18). On Secale cereale (rye) causing Stripe Smut. June. England. Uncommon. (Spore germination. Germination has been described and figured by Kiihn (1858), Wolf (1873), Brefeld (1883), and more recently by Ling (1940 a) and Stakman, Cassell, & Moore (1934). According to the last-named, spores germinated best after soaking for 16 hours in water to which benzaldehyde had been added (three parts in 2,000,000), and a temperature of 24° C. favoured development. The promycelia varied in length and septation, the longest consisting of ten to fifteen cells with protoplasm '°" gpores^'^x^oo! only in the apical one. Fusion between the promyceUal branches occurred at the base, apex, or by H -shaped connexions in the middle, but a study of nuclear behaviour suggested that the dicaryophase can be initiated not only by fusion but, rarely, by the direct passage of two nuclei from the promycelium into one of its branches or by the union of two cells in fairly long hyphae (Fig. 17 e). Infection of the host during germination of the seed, first demonstrated by Wolff (1873, 1874 a), has been confirmed by many workers. Racial specialization. Agropyron caninum, A. inernie, Elymus canadensis, and E. triticoides were infected by stripe smut from rye while wheat was immune (Fischer & Holton, 1943). Urocystis sorosporioides Kom. Urocystis sorosporioides Kornicke in Fuckel, Symb. mycol.,Nachtr., iii, p. 10,1876. Tuburcinia sorosporioides (Korn.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the leaves as blister-like swellings beneath the epidermis which finally ruptures; less frequently in the petioles and stems. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls spherical to ellipsoidal, dark brown, opaque, 26-38 /i diam., each composed of three to seven spores completely surrounded by somewhat elongated, yellowish, sterile cells, 8-10 fi diam. Spores sub-globose, usually angled by mutual pressure, brown, smooth, 10-14 jx diam. On Thalictrum mimis and its var. inaritima. June. England (Lanes.), Scotland (Aberdeens.). Eare. Spore germination. Unknown.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
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FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
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FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30:
3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46:
TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48:
TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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