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96 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Spore germination. Spores germinate as soon as they are ripe at an optimum temperature of 13° to 22° C. (Walker & WeUman, 1926). Thaxter (1890) first observed germination. Anderson (1921) described fiow the promycelium remained short and hemispherical, while from it arose a whorl of branches which grew indefinitely to form myceUum. Older parts of the mycehum became empty, the protoplasm collecting in the growing tips. The cells tended to separate and detached fragments started new growth in culture. BHzzard (1926) confirmed these results. He described the promyceHum as a spherical vesicle about 6-10 /i diam. From it arose four to eight branches of variable length which continued growth and produced in 12 to 18 hours on onion decoction agar a dense weft of myceUum. Fusions were not observed and no sporidia developed. All cells of the hyphae developing from the promyceUum were uninucleate and remained so during the saprophytic life. Parasitic mycehum consisted at first of uninucleate cells but binucleate segments were seen in the young sorus, and before sporogenesis all the cells contained two nuclei. Infection of the host occurs through the cotyledon before the emergence of the first leaf at soil temperatures between 10° and 27° C. (Walker & Jones, 1921; Szembel, 1926). No resistant varieties of onion of commercial value are known but a fertile amphidiploid, obtained by crossing Allium cepa with the resistant species A. fistulosum, may be useful ,in breeding resistant types (Walker, Jones, & Clarke, 1944). The fungus survived in soil for 20 years (Moore, 1948). Urocystis colchici (Schlecht.) Rabenh. Caeoma colchici Schlechtendal, Linnaea, i, p. 241, 1826. Uredo colchici Link, Handbuch, iii, p. 435, 1883. Polycystis pompholygodes (Schlecht.) LeveUle, 1846 p.p. Polycystis colchici Tulasne, 1847. Urocystis colchici (Schlecht.) Rabenhorst, Fung. Eur., No. 396, 1861. Tuburcinia colchici (Schlecht.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the leaves as bhster-hke swellings parallel with the veins, 0-5-1-0 mm. wide, 2-10 or more mm. long, at first beneath the epidermis which later ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spore halls globose to irregular, 14-34 x 14-22 ju., each composed of one or two (rarely three or four) spores surrounded by a layer of yellowish, ovoid, sterile cells, 7-10 /x diam. Spores globose or angled to somewhat elongated, flattened on side of contact, reddish-brown, smooth, 12-16 /u. diam. On Colchicum autumnale. Also recorded on imported bulbs of Colchicum sp. and Bulbocodium vernum {Bull. Minist. Agric, Land., 79, p. 109, 1934). June. Wilts. Uncommon. Exsiccati: Berkeley, Brit. Fungi, 309 [as Uredo colchici^ Spore germination. Unknown. Urocystis eranthidis (Passerini) Ainsworth & Sampson, comb. nov. Polycystis anemones var. eranthidiaVa.&serixxi, Erb. Critt. Ital., Ser. 2, No. 549,1871. Urocystis pompholygodes var. eranthidis (Pass.) Passerini, 1877. Tuburcinia eranthidis (Pass.) Liro, 1922 [as 'T. eranthis'].
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in the leaves and petioles as blister-like swellings beneath the epidermis which ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls globose to somewhat ellipsoidal, 20-40 ja diam., each composed of one spore (or occasionally two) completely surrounded by a layer of yellowish-tinted, somewhat elongated, sterile cells, 8-12 fj, diam. Spores globose, dark brown, smooth, 13-18 fi diam. On Eranthis hyemalis. April-May. Norfolk, Dorset, Cambs. Spore germination. Unknown. Urocystis filipendulae (Tul.) Schroet. Polycystis filipendulae Tulasne, Ann. Sci. not., Sot., Ser. 4, ii, p. 163, 1854. Urocystis filipendulae (Tul.) Schroeter, Die Brand- und Bostpilze Schlesiens, p. 7, 1870. Tuburcinia filipendulae (Tul.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the petioles and mid-ribs of the radical leaves, irregular, finally erumpent, up to 44 mm. long. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls variable, each composed of one to seven spores surrounded, by irregular sub-globose, brown, sterile cells, up to 12 /idiam. Spores rounder angular, brown, punctate, 15-25 X10-15 [JL. On Filipendula liexapetala. Damford Down, Salisbury, May, 1897, Mr. Tatum (Plowright, Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc, i, p. 60, 1899). ^ Spore germination. Schroeter (1877) germinated spores, collected two months previously, in distilled water. The short promycelium produced terminally a tuft of five or six long cylindrical branches about equal in length to the diameter of the spore. Brefeld (1883) confirmed these results with spores that had lain for a year in moist soil. The promycehal branches developed mycehum without fusion. Urocystis flscheri K6m. Urocystis fi^cheri Komicke, Hedwigia, xvi, p. 34, 1879. Tuburcinia fischeri (Kom.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the leaves as elongated blisteTs parallel with the veins, at first beneath the epidermis which ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls irregularly globose, 20-35 jn diam., each composed of one to two (occasionally three to four) spores completely surrounded by a layer of yellowishtinted, sterile cells, 8-14 /j. diam. ^Spores rounded, dark reddish-brown, 14-16 ju. diam. ' On Carex flacca. June. England (Dorset [Herb, Path. Lab. 12]), Scotland (Forfarshire), Spore germination. Plowright (1889) germinated the spores after a considerable period of soaking in water. He remarked on the length of the promycelium and on the size and number of the sporidia, as many as eight occurring on one promycelium. No reference was made to fusions (Fig, 17 d). ' G
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
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FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30:
3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46:
TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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