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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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110 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI (20-28 X 2 /i) at the apex. Septation occurred as the protoplasm passed to the apex and a short stump of the promyceUum separated after the sporidia had become detached (see Fig. 15 e). The sporidia conjugatedlin pairs at the base. Germ-tubes developed from the apex of one or both sporidia or from the base. Unconjugated sporidia did not germinate but sometimes the promyceUum gave rise directly to mycelium. No secondary sporidia were observed. Grove (1937) assumes that Cylindrosporium alismacearum Sacc. represents the sporidia produced on promycelia from spores of Doassansia alismatis germinating in sihi. This may be so, but it is possible that this Doassansia sometimes develops sporidia directly from parasitic mycelium (see p. 23). Doassansia limosellae (Kunze) Schroet. Protomyces limoseUae Kunze, Rabenh. Fungi Eur., No. 1694 (1873). Entyloma limosellae (Kunze) Winter, 1884. Doassansia limosellae (Kunze) Schroeter, Die Pilze Schles., iii, p. 287, 1887. Burrillia limosellae (Kunze) Liro, 1920. Sori in the leaves and leaf stalks on both surfaces of which the embedded spore balls form numerous, irregularly scattered, brown then black elevations, at first beneath the epidermis, later erumpent. Spore balls oval or globose, brown, 50-150 [I diam., each composed of a central mass of spores enclosed by what appears to be partly disorganized brown hyphae. Spores globose to oval, pale brown, smooth, 9-11 fi diam. On Limosella aquatica. Earlswood Reservoir, Warwickshire, on dried-up mud, W. B. Grove, Oct., 1921 (see J. Bot., Lond., Ix, p. 169, 1922), and Oct., 1929 [Herb. Grove in Herb. Univ. Birmingham]. As can be seen from the synonymy, there is some doubt regarding the generic position of this smut which was excluded from Doassansia by Setchell (1892). Pending the examination of fresh material, the name used is that under which the fungus was first recorded for this country by Grove {loc. cit.). Spore germination. Brefeld (1895), who was only able to germinate spores in nutrient solution, described the spore germination as being very similar to that of D. sagittariae. Grove (Joe. cit.) observed spores on the host in a state of active germination and reported conjugation of the primary sporidia in pairs and the presence of great numbers of elongated secondary sporidia. Doassansia martianoffiana (Thiim.) Schroet. Protomyces martianoffianus Thiimen, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou, liii, p. 207, 1878. Doassansia martianoffiana (Thiim.) Schroeter, Die Pilze Schles., iii, p. 287, 1887. Doassansiopsis martianoffiana (Thiim.) Dietel, 1897. Sori in the undersides of the leaves as round or irregular yellowish spots on which the embedded spores baUs form numerous minute elevations. Spore balls sub-globose, brownish, 120-160 /x diam., each consisting of a cortical layer within which is a layer of spores enclosing a central mass of parenchymatous cells. Spores sub-globose or shghtly elongated, pale yellow, smooth, 8-12 /x diam.
THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidia on the liost, on blunt hyphae protruding from the stomata, long, slender, 30 X1 -5 fi. They apparently germinate in position and give rise to small bunches of tangled hyphae (Setchell, 1892,1894).] On Potamogeton sp. Ayrshire, Ardrossan, Aug., 1911, D. A. Boyd (Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc., iv, p. 185, 1912) and West Kilbride, July, 1914, D. A, Boyd [Herb. Kew.]. Spore germination. Unknown. Doassansia sagittaiiae (Westend.) C. Fisch Uredo sagittariae Westendorp., Herb, crypt. Belg., No. 1177, 1857. Physoderma sagittariae Fuckel, 1865. Protomyces sagittariae (Fuckel) Fuckel, 1869. Aecidiwm incarceratum Berkeley & Broome, 1875 [Notices of British Fungi, No. 1469]. Doassansia sagittariae (Westend.) C. Fisch, Ber. dtsch. hot. Ges., ii, p. 405, 1884. Sori in the leaves as yellowish brown spots 5-10 mm. diam. on which the embedded spore balls form numerous minute elevations. Spore balls more or less spherical, pale yellow-brown, 50-80 fi diam., each composed of a distinct cortical layer of rather irregularly arranged sterile cells, 12-18 fj. diam., and a central mass of spores. Spores globose to angular, tinted yellow, smooth, 8-12 [j. diam. On Sagittaria sagittifolia. Summer. England. Uncommon. Exsiccati: Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit. 50 (as Protomyces sagittariae); Rabenhorst, Fungi Europ., No. 1492 (as Aecidium incarceratum; some specimens of this exsiccata are leaves of Alisma plantago presumably infected by D. olsiTnatis). Spore germirmtion. Fisch (1884) obtained germination in spring and early summer. The sporidia are inserted at unequal distances on the markedly conical tip of the promycelium. They were not observed to conjugate but, rarely, fusions took place between secondary sporidia. This was confirmed by Brefeld (1895) who germinated over-wintered spores (Fig. 15/) and found that sporidia were viable after three months. Infection takes place throughout the summer, first from overwintered spores and then from sporidia. Infected leaves are always raised above the surface of the water. Type: GrapUola Poit., 1824. GRAPHIOLACEAE Sori in the leaves of palms, erumpent, single or in groups in a compact black peridium. Sporidia ('spores') produced laterally in whorls at the septa of sporogenous hyphae (equivalent to chains of chlamydospores) arising from the base of the sorus. GEAPHIOLA Poiteau, Ann. Sci. nat. iii, p. 473, 1824 Ty^: Graphiola phoenicis Poit. on date-palm [Phoenix dactylifera], Paris, France. Sori single, each with an inner thin-walled, colourless, peridium and fascicles of
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THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
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FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
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6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
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INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
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INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
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FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
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^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
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BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
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BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
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BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
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BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
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BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
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3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
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CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
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GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
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GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
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GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
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TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
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TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
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TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48:
TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
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TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
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TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54:
CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58:
FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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