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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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60 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI until spring, described the promycelia as three- to several-celled, with numerous almost rod-like sporidia which became septate in nutrient solutions, budding o£f sporidia in the same manner as the promycelia (Fig. 2 b). Fusions (clampconnexions) occurred between promycelial cells. Bauch (1925), working with four different collections, found certain race peculiarities. In one sample sporidia fused readily, showing simple heterothallism, while sporidial cultures from other collections soon lost their capacity to unite. Whereas the promycelium was normally four-ceUed, spores were observed which had two bicellular promycelia. Ustilago omithogali (Schm. & Kunze) Magn. Uredo omithogali Schmidt & Kunze, Deutschl. Schwamme, p. 5, 1819. Ustilago omithogali (Schm. & Kunze) Magnus, Hedwigia, xiv, p. 19, 1875. Sori ia the leaves and pedicels forming raised, elongated blisters 1-0-10 mm. long, each at first covered by a layer of host tissue which later ruptures. Spore mass granular, purphsh-brown. Spores globose, subglobose, or ovoid, not infrequently somewhat angled as a result of mutual pressure, smooth, 12-19 (av. 15-0) /i • diam. On Gagea lutea. The only British collection [Herb. I.M.I. 32334] is that by W. G. Bramley, Tadcaster, Yorks., April, 1928 (see Mason, 1928). Spore germination. Cocconi (1889) germinated spores from Gagea arvensis in water and in a filtered extract of leaves from the host plants. Elliptical sporidia developed terminally and laterally on the septate promycelia. Fusions between cells of the promycelium and between sporidia were observed. ** Spores verrucose or echinulate Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. Loose Smut of Oats [Reticularia segetum BuUiard, 1791, p.p.] Uredo segetum subsp. avenae Persoon, Synopsis, p. 224, 1801. Uredo carbo de Candolle, 1815 [nov. nom. for U. segetum], p.p. Uredo segetum e. decipiens Wallroth, 1815, fide Liro, 1924, p.p. Ustilago segetum (Pers.) Ditmar, 1817 [as ' U. segetum Link'], p.p. Erysibe vera holci-avenacei Wallroth, 1833, fide Ciferri, 1938. Ustilago carbo (DC.) Tulasne, 1847, p.p. Ustilago avenae Jensen, 1889 [nomen nudum]. Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostrup, Overs. K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1890, p. 13, 1890. Ustilago perennans Rostrup, 1890, fide Fischer, 1943. Ustilago decipiens (Wallr.) Liro, 1924. Ustilago nigra Tapke, 1932, fide Fischer, 1943. Ustilago holci-avenacei (Wallr.) Ciferri, 1938. Sori in the spikelets replacing the ovaries and more or less the glumes (Plate I, Fig. 1); occasionally in the leaves. Spore mass firm then powdery, dark greenishbrown. Spores spherical to subspherical, pale greenish-brown and lighter in colour on one side than the other, minutely echinulate (echinulations especially
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeable on the lighter side) or, occasionally, apparently smooth, 4-8 (av. 6-0-6-5) /x diam. On oats {Avena), causing Loose Smut, and Arrhenatherum elatius. June-Sept. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc, ii, 430. Spore germination was figured by Tulasne (1847), Kiihn (1858), Fischer von Waldheim (1869), Brefeld (1883), and others (see Lire, 1924). Herzberg (1895) and Stakman (1913) studied germination on different media and at varied temperatures. On water at 22° C. germination begins in ten hours or under with the emergence of one or two promycelia from a single spore. Fully grown promyceUa are one to three septate, and the sporidia, cut off from the apex and from the septa, are oval to elongate (2 X 4-7 X 7 /i). Fusions occur readUy between cells of the promycehum. or between abstricted sporidia. On nutrient media sporidial production is more abundant and more prolonged and the sporidia tend to be larger and subglobose (5x9 /x) (Stakman, 1913). Infection of the host takes place at germination from chlamydospores which have drifted between the pales at anthesis and produced resting myceUum on the inner surface of the pales and on the pericarp, or from spores lying on or within the pales which germinate only when the seed is sown. The relative significance of the two methods in nature is a matter of debate (Zade, 1922, 1924, 1939; Arland, 1924; Gage, 1927; Sampson, 1929; McKay, 1936). Bacial specialization in the oat smuts. It is convenient to consider together the two species, Ustilago avenae and the. oat race of U. hordei (U. kolleri), since most reports on physiologic speciaUzation cover both types of smut. Evidence of racial specialization was suppUed by Reed (1924,1925 a, 1927) who numbered and described eleven races of U. avenae and five of U. hordei (as U. kolleri) (Reed, 1930). Some races originated in collections from countries outside the United States, notably U. avenae, race fi, and U. kolleri, race 4, from England and U. avenae, race 7, and U. kolleri, rslce 2, from Wales. These and some other races were described by Sampson (1925, 1928, 1929). The behaviour of six spore collections was studied over a ten-year period, three remained stable whUe others were changed by screening on selected oat varieties. Evidence was presented for the heterozygosity of certain collections (Sampson & Western, 1938). Leitzke (1937) inoculated an oat variety with a mixture of two races and obtained a distinct race, already known in nature, but presumably originating in his experiment by hybridization within the host. Further search revealed new races in the United States (Reed & Stanton, 1932, 1936) and in 1940 Reed tabulated the source and behaviour of 29 races of U. avenae, differentiated on 17 oat varieties, and 14 races of U. hordei differentiated on ten varieties. Nine species of Avena were examined and in all species a variety was found susceptible to at least one race of smut. A. barbata was susceptible to all races and A. sativa, var. Canadian, to nearly all races of both species of smut. The results with aU races were remarkably constant over a number of years. Racial speciaUzation has not been completely surveyed in Britain but Radchffe (1940) analysed 120 field collections using a seedling reaction based on the
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15: FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16: ^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20: BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22: BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114:
THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118:
REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120:
REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122:
REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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