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100 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Urocystis violae (Sow.) Fisch. v. Waldh. Smut of Violets Granuluria violae Sowerby, English Fungi, t. 440, 1815. Polycystis violae (Sow.) Berkeley & Broome, 1850. Urocystis violae (Sow.) Fischer von Waldheim, Bull. Soc. N^at. Moscow, xl, p. 258, 1867. Tuburcinia violae (Sow.) Liro, 1922. i Sori in the petioles, veins, and upper parts of the root stock as large elongated swellings which distort the attacked parts. Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spore balls rather irregular, globose to elongated, 26-68 /A long, each composed of four to eight spores covered by a (frequently disorganized) layer of yellowish sterile cells, 6-10 JJ. diam. Spores sub-globose, ellipsoidal, or polyhedral, reddish brown, smooth, 8-16 ja diam. On Viola odorata, V. reichenbachiana, V. riviniana, and cultivated violets. Feb., July, Nov. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc, i, 78; Vize, Micro. Fungi, 137,. Spore germination. Germination was obtained by Kiihn (1876), PrilUeux (1880), Dangeard (1894 a), Brefeld (1895), and Schellenberg (1911). Brefeld figured several promycelia of varying age from one spore ball. Five or six short fusiform branches developed at the apex of the promycelium and each produced on a thin sterigma a long oval sporidium (Fig. 17 a). A similar result was obtained by Paravicini (1917) who also showed fusion of fallen sporidia (Fig. 17 b). Rawitscher (1922) described the development of seven to eight uninucleate sporidia which fused in pairs. MEiANOTAENrcTM de Bary, Bot. Zeit., xxxii, p. 105, 1874. Type: Melanotaenium endogenum (Ung.) de Bary on Galium mollugo, Europe. Sori in the stems, leaves, and roots giving rise to extensive black or grejrish areas, permanently embedded in the host tissue. Spore mass never powdery. Spores single, dark in colour. Sporidia not observed on host plant. Spore germination, see below. An account of this genus has been given by Beer (1920). Melanotaenium cingens (Beck) Magn. Ustilago cingens Beck, Oster. bot. Zeitschr., xxxi, p. 313, 1881. Melanotaenium caulium Schroeter, 1887, fide Magnus, 1892. Cintractia cingens (Beck) de Toni, 1888 [as 'Gintractial cingens'^ Melanotaenium cingens (Beck) Magnus, Oster. bot. Zeitschr., xlii, p. 40, 1892, Sori in the stems and leaves, covered by a layer of host tissue which disintegrates to expose the spores. Spore mass firm to somewhat granular, black. Spores rather irregular, globose to sub-globose, polygonal or ellipsoidal, dark brown, almost opaque, smooth, 13-18x10-16 ja. On Linaria vulgaris. July-Aug. N. Wales: Glyndyfrdwy, nr. Langollen, C. T. Green {Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc, ii, p. 6, 1903); Prestatyn; Cambs, [Herb. Kew.]. Spore germination. Brefeld (1883) figured germination showing very short
30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 promycelia, basal fusions between the promycelial branches, and the growth of these to form'hyphae (Fig. 10 b, d). Juel (1894) also figured germination noting the short promyceUa (15 /x) with three or four terminal branches, but he did not observe fusions. Some of the branches formed long septate hyphae (diameter 2 fi) and small, somewhat bent sporidia (9 x 3 ja). In nutrient solution derived from dung the apical branches of the promycelium formed a bunch of sterile filaments. Viennot-Bourgin (1937), using a filtrate of soil and compost, germinated spores from plants of Linaria striata which had been exposed to the weather until April. The promycelia (70-130 /x.) were thin and flexuous with one or two slender apical branches (20-30 X 3 ft) which bore at the tip thin slightly acuminate sporidia (9-18 X 3-5 fi) on rudimentary stalks. l^^. Melanotaenium endogenum (Unger) de Bary Protomyces eridogenus Unger, Die Exantheme der Pflanzen, pp. 342, 419, 183: Protomyces galii Nees von Esenbeck, 1837, fide de Toni, 1888. Melanotaenium endogenum (Unger) de Bary, Bot. Zeit., xxxii, p. 106, 1874. Entyloma endogenum (Unger) Wiinsche, 1877. Sori in the stems and leaves blackening the stunted shoots of the infected plants, covered by the epidermis of the host. Spore mass firmly agglutinated, black. Spores rather irregular, globose, sub-globose, polygonal or elhpsoidal, dark brown, almost opaque, 16-22 X12-20 ja (Figs. 19, 10 c). On Qalium verum. Scotland, Aberdeen (see Trail, Scot. Nat., vii (N.S. i), p. 243, 1884), St. Fagans, Aberdeens. (A. Smith, July, 1932, Herb. Kew.); Newcastle-on-Tyne (A. W. Bartlett, 1938, Herb. I.M.I. 32325); Guernsey (E. A. Ellis, July, 1939, Herb. I.M.I. 32326); Cambs. Fio-19- Melanotaenium endogenum. Spores. x500. Spore germination. Woronin (1882) germinated, in October and November, spores collected at the end of June. The epispore spht and the endospore grew out as a blunt, cylindrical germ-tube which often branched, but only one branch developed further, forming a promycelium •\vith four to seven apical branches which fused at the tip or at the base. After fusion some of these developed septate mycelium but no sporidia were observed. Melanotaenium hypogaeum (Tul.) ScheUenb. Ustilago hypogaea Tulasne, Fung, hypog., p. 196, 1851. Melanotaenium hypogaeum (Tul.) ScheUenberg, Die Brandpilze der Schweiz, p. 108, 1911. Sori in the root stock. Spore mass compact, black, intersected by white fibres. Spores rounded or rounded polygonal, dark brown, smooth, contents very oleaginous, 20-24 x 14r-20/x. [n.v., after Phillips & Plowright.] On Linaria spuria. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 1869, John Lowe (see Phillips & Plowright, Orevillea, xiii, p. 52, 1884). Spore germination. Unknown.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
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FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30:
3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46:
TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48:
TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50:
TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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