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106 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Spore germination. Schroeter (1877) states that spores from Myosotis stricta and. M. hispidus germinated easily soon after they were ripe and formed, as in Entyloma microsporum, long, spindle-shaped sporidia 26-^:0 X 2-2-3 fi. Old ilecks on the leaves were thickly covered with beds of sporiciia. Kaiser (1936) sawspores germinating in the tissues of the host but he was unable to germinate chlamydospores of this species under artificial condition^. He suggests that the two types of sporidia found in nature ion the leaf are mainly responsible for dissemination of the disease, that they can overwinter and infect new plants in the spring (see p. 23). The best method for transmitting the disease was to spray plants with water containing dry or fresh infected material broken into small fragments. A suspension of sporidia gave particularly good results. The technique used did not completely exclude the possibility of chlamydospores being present in the suspension. The incubation period was 21 days. In E. serotinum on Symphytum sp. Schroeter (1887) refers to the thread-like sporidia (26-40 X 2-2-3 [x.) that precede the spores making young flecks pure white. Physiologic specialization. Infection experiments, using sporidial suspensions from various hosts, showed that the forms of E. fergtissoni on Myosotis, Symphytum, Borago, Mertensia, and Pulmonaria are biologically distinct. Measurements of chlamydospores and sporidia from' these genera of host plants agreed closely and Kaiser (1936) unites the forms as one species indicating the forms by trinomials as recommended by Ciferri (1932). Entyloma ficariae (Berk.) Fiseh. v. Waldh. Cylindrosporium ficariae Berkeley, Brit. Fungi, No. 212, 1837. [Notices of British Fungi, No. 135, 1838.] Stat, conid. [in 1875 Berkeley & Broome (Notices of British Eungi, No. 1471) reported chlamydospores in the type specimen]. Fusidium ranunculi Bonorden, 1851. Stat, conid. Gloeosporium ficariae (Berk.) Cooke, 1871. Stat, conid. Entyloma ungerianum f. ficariae Winter, Bahenh. Fungi Europ.,'No. 1873,1874. [C. ficariat Berk, cited as conidial state.] Entyloma ungerianum f. ficariae von Thiimen, Mycoth. Univ., No. 219, 1876. [Collected by G. Winter and probably the same as Babenh. Fungi Europ., No. 1873.] Entyloma ficariae (Thvim.) Fischer von Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow., hi, p. 309, 1877. Entyloma ranunculi (Bon.) Schroeter, 1877, Cylindrosporium ranunculi (Bon.) Saccardo, 1878. Stat, conid. Entylomella ficariae (Berk.) v. Hohnel in Wese, Ann. mycol, Berl., xxii, p. 191, 1924. Stat, conid. Sori as circular spots on the leaves, at first yellowish (or FiG.21. Entyloma whitish due to sporidia), 2-5 mm. diam. (Plate II, Fig. 5). ficariae. Spores. Spores globose to sub-globose, pale brown, wall 1-2 fj. thick, ^ • smooth, 10-14 fi diam. (Fig. 21). Sporidia on the host fusiform, thread-like, or ellipsoidal, hyaline, mostly 30-45 X about 2-0 /x (Figs. 16 and 20a), as whitish growths on both sides of the leaves (see p. 22).
On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scleratus. THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 107 April-May. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Berkeley, Brit. Fungi, 212; Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc., i, 533. Spore germination. Marshall Ward (1887) states that after some months in the dormant condition the spores put out promycelia from which sporidia are developed which seem to behave like those on the leaves. Entyloma fuscum Schroet. Entyloma fuscum Schroeter in Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pflanz., ii, p. 373, 1877. Sari in the leaves, forming roundish yellow spots. Spores globose or polygonal, colourless then brown, 10-16 /oi diam. Sporidia on the host, on the undersides of the leaves, cylindrical, curved, attenuated towards the base, simple or septate, hyaline, 10-20 X 3-0/x. On Papaver rhoeas. North Wootton, Norfolk, July, 1882 (Phillips & Plowright, Grevillea, xiii, p. 52, 1884) [Herb. B.M.]; Wisley, Surrey, May, 1930, J. Ramsbottom [Herb. B.M.]. Both the British collections have been identified as E. bicohr Zopf [E. bicolor Stromeyer] a species near to or identical with E. fuscum from which it is said to differ by having spores 23 X12-17 jx instead of 11-16 /n diam. Plowright (1889) gives the spore size as 20-23 X15-18 ju, but as the spore size of the two specimens examined is rather less than this they have been tentatively referred to E. fuscum. Spore germination. Schroeter (1877) described how the hght flecks on the basal leaves of Papaver in spring became covered, under moist conditions, with thin white tufts resembling Ramularia. Sections of the leaf showed tufts of promycelia passing between the guard cells and bearing apically five to eight sporidia, at first cylindrical, later long, spindle-shaped, almost thread-like in form, like those on Myosotis (see p. 106). Entyloma helosciadii Magn. Entyloma helosciadii Magnus, Hedwigia, xxi, j).^ 129, 1882. Stat, conid. Cylindrosporium helosciadii repentis Magnus, Abh. bat. Ver. Brandenburg, xxxv, p. 68, 1893. Entylomella helosciadii repentis (Magn.) von Hohnel in Weese, Ann. mycol., Berl., xxii, pp. 193-4, 1924. Sori in the leaves as discoloured spots which become necrotic, frequently covered, especially on the underside, by a white sporidial growth. Spores spherical to elhpsoidal, thin-walled, hyaline to dark yellow, 5-12 fi diam. Sporidia on the host cylindrical with shghtly tapered ends to oval, hyaline, 9-14 X about 3-0/i. On Apium nodiflorum. June-Oct. Eire, Co. Dublin [Herb. I.M.I. 32305] and Tipperary (first recorded by O'Connor, Sci. Proc. roy. Dublin Soc, N.S., xxi, p. 395, 1936, where host is given in error as Sium erectum); England (Wilts.).
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
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FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
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6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
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INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
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INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
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^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
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BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
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3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46:
TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48:
TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50:
TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52:
TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54:
CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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