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52 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI be united as one species for which, under the International Rules of Nomenclature, the name U. nuda must be adopted. For similar reasons Fischer has been followed in uniting the covered smuts of oats (USkolhri) and barley (U. hordei) as one species, U. hordei, and the claim to specific rank of the race of U. avenae on tall oat grass (U. perennans) is not admitted. The logic of these changes may not appeal to plant pathologists—^neither may the degrading of the dahlia smut (Entyloma dahliae) as a form of-B. calendulae, the species into which all the forms attacking Compositae have been united—but it is the pathologists themselves who have provided the precedent by their skilful treatment of such a difficult species complex as Puccinia graminis.
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the large number of specimens on which the following account of the smut fungi of the British Isles is based will be found in the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew [Herb. Kew.], the British Museum (Natural History) [Herb. B.M.], and the Commonwealth Mycological Institute [Herb. I.M.I.]. Other material examined is in the herbarium of the Ministry of Agriculture's Plant Pathology Laboratory, Harpenden [Herb. Path. Lab.], the Plowright and Grove sections of the herbarium of Birmingham University, and the comprehensive series of East Anglian smuts in the herbarium of Mr. E. A. Ellis. Whenever necessary and possible, sufficient specimens from Europe and other parts of the world were examined in order to establish the identity of the British material but, with one or two exceptions, the descriptions are based on collections made in these islands. The specific names have been carefully scrutinized. The full references to places of pubUcation are only given to establish the names adopted and for most species the synonymy is limited to names which have been used in this country. References to names for which the year only is given, and additional synonyms, may be found by consulting such standard works as those by Clinton (1904), Liro (1924, 1938), and Ciferri (1938). The time of occurrence is derived from the dates of collection of the specimens exaniined and for many species this period could probably be extended. The detailed distribution of most British smuts is uncertain. The twenty species here designated as 'widespread' occur in England and/or Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Sampson (1940) compiled the published records for most species. The names of indigenous host plants are those recommended in the Check-List of British Vascular Plants (reprinted from J. Ecology, xxx, pp. 308-47, 1946). With the exception of Ustilago, the species have been arranged under the generic name in alphabetic order. USTILAGINAL^S Tulasne, Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., Ser. 3, vii, p. 73, 1847 Mycelium inconspicuous, intra- then, usually, intercellular, systemic or localized at the point of infection. Sori conspicuous, generally forming exposed, powdery or agglutinated and usually dark-coloured spore masses at definite places on the host, especially in the flowers or inflorescence but frequently in the leaves and stems. Spores (chlamydospores) fight to dark in colour, smooth or variously ornamented, 4-35 /x diam., single, in twos, or in larger aggregates ('balls') consisting of spores only or of spores and sterile cells. Sporidia (conidia) rarely formed on the surface of the host. Spore germination by a promycelium bearing lateral or terminal sporidia (basidiospores) which are frequently able to make saprophytic growth under natural conditions or in culture. Parasitic on plants, especiaUy the Gramineae and Cyperaceae. This Order has 33 genera arranged in two Families, the Ustilaginaceae and the TiUetiaceae. Two additional genera of palm-leaf parasites comprise the Graphiolaceae, a Famfly of somewhat uncertain relationship, which is frequently
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3: FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7: 6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15: FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16: ^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20: BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22: BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106:
FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110:
On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114:
THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118:
REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120:
REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122:
REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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