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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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72 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI glotose to sub-globose or ovoid, light brown tinged with violet, wall 2 [J, thick. Epispore hyaline or tinted, reticulate (reticulations l'5-2-0 IJ. diam.), 12-16 ft diam. On Knautia arvensis. ' , July. England (Yorks.), Scotland (Fife): Uncommon. Spore germination. Unknown. Some of the records for U: scabiosae may refer to this species. Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tul. Caeoma utriculosa Nees, Syst. Pilze, i, p. 14, 1817. Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tulasne, Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., Ser. 3, vii, p. 102, 1847. Sori in the flowers inflating the ovaries and involving the filaments of the stamens, about 2-3 mm. long. Spore mass powdery, brownish violet. Spores globose to sub-globose, violet when fresh, brownish violet when dry, with prominent reticulations (2 to 3-4 /Lt wide, 1-5-2 y. deep), 11-14/^ diam. (Fig. 4:b). On Polygonum lapathifolium and Polygonum sp. Aug .-Sept. Yorks. Exsiccati: Vize, Micro. Fungi, 132. This species is similar to U. anomala (q.v.).with FIG. 4. o. Ustilago anomala. '^^^^^ i* has been confused. It appears to be of less Spores from type collection, frequent Occurrence in Great Britain than 17. anomala. x500. 6. U. utriculosa. Spores. x500. Spore germination. The four-celled promycehum bears apical and lateral sporidia which produce secondary sporidia by budding or germ-tubes. No sporidial or hyphal fusions were observed by Brefeld (1895) or by Fischer & Hirschhorn (1945 a), but Liro (1924, p. 208) who germinated spores of this species and of U. anomala records the fusion of sporidia still attached to the promycelium. Infection of the host occurs at the seedling stage. Physiologic races. The net-spored smuts attacking species of Polygonum can be subdivided into physiologic races some of which diifer slightly in size of spore. Several races have been given specific rank (Liro, 1924; Ciferri, 1938). Ustilago anomala Kunze Ustilago anomala J. Kunze, Fungi select, exsicc, No. 23, 1875. Similar to U. utriculosa (q.v.) from which it differs in the globose, sub-globose, or ovoid spores having more delicate reticulations (up to 2 /x wide, about 1 ft deep) (Fig. 4 a). On Polygonum convolvulus, P. hydropiper, and P. persicaria. Aug.-Oct. Widespread. Fairly common. Spore germination has been described by Schroeter (1877) and Brefeld (1895). Germination occurs in the spring after overwintering when sporidia are produced on a four-celled promycelium. The sporidia after fusing in pairs become detached from the promycehum and then produce germ-tubes or, in nutrient splution, bud off secondary sporidia to give yeast-like colonies.
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago tragopogonis-pratensis (Pers.) Roussel [Uredo tragopogi Persoon, 1797.] Uredo tragopogi pratensis Persoon, Synopsis, p. 225, 1801. Ustilago tragopogi pratensis Roussel, Flor. Calvados, p. 47, 1806. Uredo receptaculorum de CandoIIe, 1808, p.p. Uredo receptaculorum tragopogi de Candolle, 1815, fide de CandoUe, 1815. Ustilago receptaculorum (DC.) Fries, 1832. Ustilago tragopogi de Toni, 1888 [as '(Pers.) Schroet.']. Sori in the inflorescence destroying the florets. Spore mass powdery, dark purple. Spores globose or sub-globose to slightly elongated, pale violet, delicately reticulate (reticulations 1-2 /i diam.), 12-14 /A diam. On Tragopogon pratensis and T. porrifolius (salsify). May-June. Widespread. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi. Brit. Exsicc., i, 59; ii, 434; Vize, Fungi Brit., 134. Spore germination has been figured by Tulasne (1854) (Fig. 2 c), de Bary (1866), Fischer von Waldheim (1869), and Brefeld (1883). The sporidia arising from the four-ceUed promycelium are long, almost rod-shaped, 14-24 X 2-5-4-5 /i (Fischer von Waldheim), 18-22 x 2-5-3 /x (Liro, 1924). They usually bend so that the long axis is parallel with the promycelium and fuse readily either before or after detachment. Paravicini (1917) figured the fusion of eUiptical uninucleate sporidia. Tulasne (1854) germinated the nearly related small spored species on Scorzonera. The sporidia were very small and oblong and budded profusely. Fusions were not observed. Brefeld (1883) agreed with Tulasne but Paravicini (1917) claims to have found fusions in old cultures. Infection of the host. Liro (1924) showed experimentally that this smut is seedborne. He failed to get conclusive evidence on the exact mode of transmission but suggests that flower infection may occur as in loose smut of wheat. Ustilago kuebneana Wolff Ustilago kuhneana Wolff, Bot. Zeit., xxxu, p. 815, 1874. Sori in the inflated ovaries or anthers; itt-'the stems, especially the upper branches of the inflorescence, as spot-like or elongated blisters which burst to give spore-filled lesions; less frequently, in the leaves. Spore mass powdery, pinkish purple. Spores spherical, pale yellow or yellowish brown tinged with purple, reticulate, 12-20 (av. 13-16 or occasionally more) /x diam. On Eumex acetosa, B. acetosella, and B. crispus. June-Sept. England, Scotland. Fairly Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc., ii, 436. Spore germination. Wolff (1874 b) germinated the spores on water and obtained a three or four-celled promycelium with lemon-shaped sporidia which were not seen to fuse. Brefeld (1883) figured the sporidia in whorls at each septum. In nutrient solution they budded profusely and fusions were observed.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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