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68 THE BRITISH SMTJT FUNGI Uredo striaeformis Westendorp, Bull. Acad. roy. Bdg.j xviii, p. 406, 1852. Ustilago striaeformis (Westend.) Niessl, Hedtoigia, xv, p. 1, 1876. Tilletia de baryana Fischer von Waldheim, 1867, fide ^e Toni, 1888. Tilletia striaeformis (Westend.) Saccardo, 1877 [as 'T. striaeformis (Westend.) Niessl']. Sori in the leaves forming longitudinal raised streaks at first covered by the epidermis which ruptures to expose the spores, the leaves spHtting into ribbons (Plate I, Kg. 3); rarely in the stems and inflorescences. Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spores spherical to ellipsoidal, yellow-brown, echinulate, 9-14 (av. 10-5-11-5) /i diam. - v On Arrhenatherum elatiiis, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Lolium perenne, Phalaris arundinacea, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis. May-Sept. Widespread. • Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi. Brit. Exsicc, i, 57; Vize, Fungi Brit., 133; Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit., 222. Spore germination. Spores of this species do not always germinate readily (see p. 18). Clinton (1900) germinated the spores, but the first clear figures of germination were those of Osner (1916) who obtained the best results with spores from Agrostis sp. Many media were tried, but the character of the medium did not affect the number of spores germinating or the method of growth. The promycelia became septate as the protoplasm collected towards the tips. Irregular branching often occurred without fusions, but some spores were found with simple, septate promycelia having clarnp-connexions between the cells (Fig. 2 h). Davis (1924) obtained somewhat similar results with spores from timothy, bent, and cocksfoot, the promycelia branching in a manner resembling U. nuda. Typical sporidia were rarely produced, but under some conditions short, uninucleate fragments did separate from the promycehum. Kreitlow (1943 a) figured branched promycelia in a form collected on Agrostis. Fischer (1940 a) collected a new race (f, hordei) on Agropyron paucijiorum and Elymus glaucus which germinated without a rest period, developed two or three promycelia from each spore, and budded off eUiptical sporidia which fused on nutrient agar. They were compatible with appropriate sporidia of U. bullata. Branched promycelia developed from chlamydospores of the form from Poa pratensis and gave rise on agar, to two types of colony, one breaking up into fragments, the other mycelial. Some cultures of each type developed chlamydospores and these, though slightly abnormal in size and shape, germinated like those from the host (Leach, Lowther, & Ryan, 1946; Leach & Ryan, 1946). See also Thirumalachar & Dickson, 1947. Infection of the host occurs through the young coleoptile and tiller buds. Contaminated seed of Poa pratensis gave only a low percentage (0 to 3 per cent.) of infection but high figures were obtained by sowing seed in inoculated soil and by injecting chlamydospores into the stem near the growing point. The disease was slow to develop; in some plants 300 days elapsed before sori appeared. Experiments showed that inoculum can persist in the soil under greenhouse conditions for 256 days (Leach, Lowther, & Ryan, 1946). Liro (1924) using spore
THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material from AlopexMrus pratensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, and Dactylis glomerata infected the hosts named by sowing contaminated seed. Negative results were obtained with other grasses. Davis (1926) showed that stripe smut infects Phleum pratense at the seedling stage. The disease wiU persist for several years in perennial grasses, but infected plants tend to die under adverse conditions such as drought (Leach, Lowther, & Ryan, 1946). Bacial specialization. This species has been variously subdivided by Liro (1924), Ciferri (1938), Fischer (1940 a), and other workers an(i in this country it has been confused with the closely related but possibly distinct U. macrospora (q.v.). A stripe smut with larger spores (14-17 n) on Phalaris has been distinguished as U. echinata Schroet. but the one British collection (Sridge of Dun, Angus, coll. R. W. G. Dennis, 26.vii.43, Herb. Kew.) of stripe smut of this host examined does not differ morphologically from U. striiformis. Ustilago macrospora Desm. Ustilago macrospora Desmazieres, PI. Crypt, franc. No. 2127, 1850. Differs from TJ. striiformis (q.v.) in the spores \\rhich are spherical to ellipsoidal but frequently somewhat elongated or angular, yeUow-hrown, coarseJj echinulate or verrucose to papillate, at times somewhat reticulate or striate, 11-18 (av. 13-5-14-5) [j. diam. On Agropyron repens, A. junceum, Bromus erectus, and Calamagrostis canescetis. May-Aug. England (Norfolk, Surrey), Guernsey, S(>otland. The first British record is by V. J. Chapman (Tratis. Norf. Nonvich Nat. Sac, xiii, p. 302, 1932) on A. junceum, Scolt Head, Norfolk [Herb. Kew.]. Spore germination. Unknown. Racial specialization. It is doubtful if the stripe smut of Calamagrostis distinguished as U. calamagrostis (Fuckel) Clinton is a morphologically distinct species. The one British collection (Wheatfen Broad, Norfolk, coU. E. A. ElHs, 9.vu.44, Herb. I.M.I. 32329) on C. canescens does not differ from U. macrospora from other grasses in this country. *** Spores reticulate Ustilago vinosa Tul. Uredo vinosa Berkeley in litt. to Tulasne [nom. nud.]. Ustilago vinosa Tulasne, Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., Ser. 3, vii, p. 96,1847. Sori involving the flower parts within the perianth, which is frequently inflated. Spore mass powdery, pinkish purple. Spores globose to sub-globose, tinted violet, delicately reticulate (reticulations 1-0 fi or slightly less in diam.), 6-10 (mostly 7-8) n diam. [Type specimen in Herb. Kew.] On Oxyria digyna. July. England (Cumber!.), Scotland (Forfarshire). Uncommon. Spore germination. Sporidia develop from a four-celled promycelium, bud, and fuse readily in nutrient solution (Brefeld, 1883). Infection of the host. Unknown. Mycelium is said to be perennial in the root stock (Schellenberg, 1911).
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20: BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22: BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122:
REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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