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104 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI fresh material. Three to eight short, cylindrical branches developed at the apex of the promyceUum, fused in pairs and grew out iw, situ to form very long, slender, spindle-shaped sporidia. Paravicini (1917) foxmd that the short and rather broad promycelial branches fused after abstriction, and one nucleus passed through the bridge. Kaiser (1936) confirmed de Bauy's observations and demonstrated the binucleate condition of the sporidia which developed from the fused promycelial branches. Some branches grew out directly to form mycelium, others, unpaired, cut off uninucleated sporidia (Fig. 20 d). In rare cases two promycelia developed from one chlamydospore. Above and below the optimum temperature (8°-12° C.) the number of promycelial branches was reduced. Infection of the host. The infection of young leaves occurs throughout the summer, presumably from foliar sporidia and germinating chlamydospores, and in spring from chlamydospores which have overwintered in old parts of the plant. De Bary (1874) observed light flecks nine days after germinating chlamydospores had been placed on leaves of Calendula officinalis. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary f. bellidis (Kreiger) Ainsworth & Sampson, comb, no v. Entyloma bellidis Kreiger, Hedwigia, xxxv, p. (144), 1896. Sori in the leaves. Spores as E. calendulae. {Sporidia on the host needle-shaped, colourless, 20-45 X1-5 ft, fide Liro (1938).] On Bellis perennis. St. Fergus, Aberdeenshire, Dec, 1932, A. Smith [Herb. Kew.]. Spore germination. Unknown. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary f. dahliae (Sydow) Viegas Dahlia Smut Entyloma dahliae Sydow, 1912. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary f. dahliae (Sydow) Viegas, Bragantia, iv, p. 748, 1944. Sori in the leaves as circular to elliptical spots up to 1 cm. diam., sometimes' confluent, at first pale, later brown and giving rise to dead areas (Plate II, Fig. 4). Spores as E. calendulae. Sporidia, see below and p. 22 (Fig. 1 f). On cultivated DahUas. Aug.-Oct. Widespread. Common. Spore germination has been observed by Pape (1926), Pethybridge (1928), and Green (1932). Pape figured the promycelium with an apical crown of branches which fuse in pairs, apparently at their apices, and produce long, needle-shaped sporidia, 60 X 1-0 /i. Green described the sporidia as needle-like (45-75 x 2-0 fx), sometimes slightly curved, aseptate, with one end pointed and the other somewhat blunt, marking its point of attachment to the sporidiophore. Infection experiments were negative. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary f. hieracii Sehroet. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary f. hieracii Schroeter, Cohn Beitr. Biol. PJlanz., ii, p. 439, 1876. Entyloma hieracii Sydow, 1919.
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in the leaves. Spores as E. calevdulae. Sporidia not reported on the host. On Hieracium vulgaium and (fide Plowright, 1889) H. murorum. Autumn. Scotland (nr. Aberdeen). Spore germination. Unknown. Entyloma chrysosplenii (B. & Br.) Schroet. Protomyces chrysosplenii Berkeley & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 4, xv, p. 36, 1875. [Notices of British Fungi No. 1472.] Entyloma chrysosplenii (B. & Br.) Sehroeter in Cohn, Beitr. Biol. PJlanz., ii, p. 372, 1877. Sori in the leaves as thickened, whitish spots, 2-6 mm. diam. Spores globose or shortly ellipsoidal, colourless, smooth, 10-12 fx, diam. [n.v., after Plowright.] On Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. June-Sept. Scotland (New PitsUgo [type locaUty]; Birks of Fiadhom [Keith, Scot. Naturalist, iv, p. 348, 1878]). There is no type specimen in the Berkeley herbarium in Herb. Kew. and no British specimens have been traced. Spore germination. According to Maire (1900) the spore germinates while still in the leaf and produces at the apex of the promycelium two to four oblong, cylindrical sporidia, 15-16x2-5-3 /x. Entyloma eryngii (Corda) de Bary Physoderma eryngii Corda, Icones Fungorum, in, p. 3, t. 1., 18. ErUyloma eryngii (Corda) de Bary, Bat. Zeit., p. 105, 1874. Sori in the leaves as fawn-coloured, raised, spots, 1-3 mm. diam. Spores globose, or shghtly angular, epispore 1/x thick, smooth, hyaUne to yeUow-brown, 8-10 /i diam. On Eryngium maritimum. Stevenston, Ayrshire, D. A. Boyd, Sept. 1908 [Herb. B.M.]. Spore germination. De Bary (1874) described and figured germination. The promycelium bears four (sometimes five or six) terminal branches which fuse in pairs either at the apex or the base, and finally grow out to form mycehum. Sporidia were not seen. / Entyloma fergussoni (B. & Br.) Plowr. Protomyces fergussoni Berkeley & Broome; Ann. Mag. nxit. Hist., Ser. 4, xv, p. 36, 1875. [Notices of British Fungi No. 1473.] Entyloma canescens Sehroeter, 1877. Entyloma fergussoni (B. & Br.) Plowright, British Ured.
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THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
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FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
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6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
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INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
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INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
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FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
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^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
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BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
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BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30:
3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46:
TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48:
TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50:
TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52:
TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54:
CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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