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76 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Yen (1938) obtained germination in 12 hours in sterile water, carrot juice, and beerwort. Sporidia were normally budded off'directly from the spore. Sometimes a longer tube was formed which became detached, divided into two cells, and budded off sporidia (Fig. 4 a). The method of growth is said to be identical with that of U. longissima var. macrospora as described by Bauch (1923). SPHACELOTHEOA de Bary, Vergl Morph. Biol. Pilze, p. 187, 1884. Type: Sphacelotheca hydropiperis (Schum.) de Bary on Polygonum hydropiper. Synonym: Bndothlaspis Sorokin, 1890. Sori in the inflorescence, frequently confined to the ovaries, each Umited by a definite false membrane of colourless, sterile, fungus cells. (Spore mass powdery, dark in colour, surrounding a central columella (usually of host tissue). Spores single. Spore germination, see below. Sphacelotheca destraens (Schlecht.) Stev. & A. G. Johns. Millet Smut Caeoma destruens Schlechtendal, Flor. berol., ii, p. 130, 1830. Uredo segetum var. panici-miliacea Persoon, 1801. Ustilago panici-miliacea (Pers.) Winter, 1884'. Sphacelotheca panici-miliacea (Pers.) Bubak, 1912. Sphacelotheca destruens (Schlecht.) Stevenson & A. G. Johnson, Phytopathology, xxxiv, p. 613, 1944. Sori destroying the inflorescence, 7-5 cm. long, at first covered by a whitish membrane of fungus tissue which ruptures irregularly to expose the spore mass which is traversed longitudinally by numerous strands of host vascular tissue. Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spores globose to sub-globose, light brown, apparently smooth but under oil immersion obscurely punctate, 7-11 ja diam. On Panicum miliaceum. Billing, Northants., Sept. 1944, E. F. Hurt (Herb. Path. Lab. No. 164). Spore germination. The spores germinate in autumn and in spring of the following year. Some were viable in collections eight years old. On water they formed a four-celled promyceHum with fusions between adjacent and distant cells. On nutrient solution sporidia (10-15 X 3-5 /a) were budded off from the promycelium, while in older cultures sporidia germinated and formed aerial mycelium and chains of aerial sporidia (Brefeld, 1883). Vasey (1918) obtained abundant sporidia from spores germinating in water. On nutrient agar at room temperature ovoid to elliptical sporidia were produced on a four-celled promycelium (Fischer & Hirschhom, 1945 a). Infection of the host takes place on germination of the seed before the seedlings are three in. high (Vasey, 1918). This is confirmed by the fact that the smut can be controlled by seed treatments (Yatz3niina, 1927). Sphacelotheca hydropiperis (Schum.) de Bary Uredo hydropiperis Schumacher, Enum. A. Saell., ii, p. 234, 1803. Ustilago candollei Tulasne, 1847, p.p.
" TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustilago hydropiperis (Schum.) Schroeter, 1877. Sphacelotheca hydropiperis (Schum.) de Bary, Vergl. Morph. Biol. Pilze, p. 187, 1884. Sori in the flowers, replacing the ovaries and projecting from the perianths, each covered by a greyish false memljrane of globose to ^~. polygonal, hyaline or slightly tinted cells, mostly 8-14 but /^ SiU) up to 24 ju, diam., which disintegrates from the apex to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, purplish black, surrounding an unbranched central columella which re- pjQ. 7. Sphacelotheca mains after the spores have been dispersed. Spores globose, hydropiperis. Spores. purplish, apparently smooth but when examined under an oil immersion objective seen to be abundantly verrucose, 10-14 fi diam. (Fig. 7). On Polygonum hydropiper. Sept.-Oct. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi Brit, exsicc., i, 58 (as U. utriculosa), 59; ii, 72; Vize, Micro. Fungi, 134. Spore germination. Schroeter (1887) described, but did not figure, germination. The promycelium became four-celled and formed eUiptical sporidia, which fused in pairs at the base. Brefeld (1895) figured germination of the same type but without the fusion of sporidia (Fig. 5 6). Boss (1927) also failed to find fusions. Infection of the host. Liro (1924) sowed, in the autumn, seeds of several species of Polygonum together with spores of this species. They were left covered with a thin layer of soil in the open until the following year. P. hydropiperis gave the highest infection in all experiments but P. persicaria and several other species were readily infected. Some species of Polygonum were immune. (See Liro, 1924, p. 141.) Sphacelotheca inflorescentiae (Trel.) Jaap Uredo bistortarum y ustilaginea de Candolle, 1816 fide Liro, 1921. Ustilago bistortarum (DC.) Korn. var. inflorescentiae Trelease in Harriman Alaska Exped., Crypt. Bot., v, p. 35, 1904. Ustilago inflorescentiae (Trel.) Maire, July-Aug., 1907. Sphacelotheca polygoni-vivipari Schellenberg, Oct., 1907 [nom. nov. for U. bistortarum var. inflorescentiae]. • Sphacelotheca inflorescentiae (Trel.) Jaap, Ann. mycol., Berl., v, p. 194, 1908. Ustilago ustilaginea (DC.) Liro, 1921. Sphacelotheca ustilaginea (DC.) Ciferri, 1938. Sori in the bulbils of the inflorescence. Spore mass granular, purpUsh black, surrounding a short columefla of host tissue. Spores globose to ellipsoidal, violet to brownish violet, distinctly but minutely and densely verrucose, 11-16 /x diam. On Polygonum viviparum. Scotland: Ben Lui (June, 1914) and Ben Ledi (June, 1921), Perthshire (Malcolm Wilson, Trans. Brit, mycol., Soc, ix, p. 143, 1924). Spore germination,. Schellenberg (1907) has described and figured the germination. The promycelium has three to five cross-walls, seldom more, on which
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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