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94 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ribbons. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore halls irregularly globose, 14-26 jti diam., each composed of one or two (occasionally three) spores completely surrounded by a layer of yeUowish-tinted sterile cellsl mostly 7-10 /i diam., but frequently rather disorganized to give a ridged effect. Spores irregularly globose, reddish-brown, smooth, 12-14 (rarely up to 16) fj. diam. On Agropyron pungens, A. repens, Arrhenatherum\elatius. May-June. England (Surrey), Scotland. Spore germination of the smut on grasses is unknown. Spore balls from wheat germinate on water in three to five days, producing a short thick promycehum with an apical cluster of three to five or more hyahne cylindrical sporidia (Fischer & Hirschhorn, 1945 a). Infection of the host occurs at the seedhng stage. The fungus persists for several years in perennial grasses (Fischer & Holton, 1943). Underground buds of Agropyron repens were infected experimentally but not those of Carex, Phleum, Poa, or Agrostis species (Liro, 1938). Racial specialization. The following species of grasses in the United States are more or less susceptible to the stripe smut of wheat: Agropyron caninum, A. dasystachyum, A. desertorum, A. inerme, A. repens, A. semicostatum, A. spicatum, A. trachycaulum, Elymus canadensis, E. glaucus, E. triticoides, and Hordeum jubatum var. caespitosum. Rye appears to be immune but one variety of wheat (KanredxHard Federation C.I. 10092) is slightly susceptible to Urocystis agropyri from grasses. Three out of four collections of spores from grasses were physiologically distinct (Fischer & Holton, 1943). In South Africa and in Australia the stripe smut from wheat failed to infect grasses (Verwoerd, 1929; Jarrett, 1932). Two physiologic races of the wheat stripe smut were distinguished by their reactions on certain Oro X Federation selections (Holton & Johnson, 1943), and 12 races were recognized in China where varietal resistance and its mode of inheritance have been studied (Shen, 1934; Yu, Hwang, & Tsiang, 1936; Yu, Wang, & Fang, 1945). Work on the resistance of wheat varieties to stripe smut has also been done in Australia (Pridham & Dwyer, 1930; Limbourn, 1931; Jarrett, 1932.; Millikan & Sims, 1937), in South Africa (Verwoerd, 1929), and in the United States (Tisdale, Duncan, & Leighty, 1923). Urocystis anemones (Pers.) Winter Anemone Smut Uredo anemones Persoon, Synopsis meth. Fung., p. 233, 1801. Gaeoma pompholygodes Schlechtendal, 1826, fide Saccardo, 1886. Polycystis pompholygodes (Schlecht.) LeveiUe, 1846. Polycystis anemones (Pers.) LeveiUe, 1847. Urocystis pompholygodes (Schlecht.) Rabenhorst, 1864. Urocystis anemones (Pers.) Winter in Rabenh. Krypt. Flor., i (1), p. 123,1881. Tuburcinia anemones (Pers.) Liro, 1922. Sori in the leaves and stems as blister-like swellings beneath the epidermis which ruptures to expose the spores. Spore mass powdery, black. Spore balls irregular, 16-32 fi diam., each composed of one spore (occasionally two or three) partially surrounded by yellowish sterile cells, 6-14 fx. diam., which not infrequently
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate from the central spore. Spores globose, angular, or somewhat elongated, dark brown, smooth, 12-26 (mostly 14^18) y, diam. On Anemone nemorosa, A. pulsatilla, cultivated Anemones, and Ranunculus repens. Malcolm Wilson {Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc, xii, p. 115) has also recorded B. ficaria and Trollius europaeus as hosts in Scotland. April-Sept. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Berkeley, Fungi Brit. 236 [as Uredo pompfiolygodes]; Vize, Fungi Brit. 36 [as Urocystis pompholygodes]; Microfungi Brit. 40 [as Urocystis pompholygodes]; Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc. i, 79 [as Polycystis pompholygodes]; ii, 148 [as Urocystis pompholygodes}. Spore germination. Fischer von Waldheim (1867) and Plowright (1889) obtained similar results in regard to germination. The latter found that spores immersed for 48 hours in water in November and December produced promyceUa which, growing up into the air, developed three or four sporidia (10-14 x 3-3-5 fj,). Enlarging and becoming vacuolate, these sometimes attained a size of 22 X 4 ju.. Fusion between sporidia was observed by Plowright. Liro (1938) confirmed these results, noting the shortness of the promycelia and observing fusions between sporidia which finally became septate. Paravicini (1917) found that the sporidia, while still on the promycehum, were uninucleate (Fig. 17 c)., Fusions were not observed but in old cultures some cells had two nuclei. The binucleate condition appeared to arise by the fusion of two neighbouring cells but his figures are not convincing. ' Infection of the host. Plowright (1889) placed sporidia on leaves of Ranunculus repens in December and obtained sori at the same point in February. He con- ' eludes that infection is localized, not systemic. Markova (1927) found the spores capable of germination as soon as they were formed and any young part of the plant could be infected throughout the year. He established the existence of three physiologic races, f. cassubici on Ranunculus cassvhicus, f. repentis on R. acris, R. repens, and six other species of Ranunculus, and f. anemones on Anemone nemorosa and A. ranunculoides. He failed to infect R. ficaria, R. flammula, R. lingua, R. sderatus, and Trollius europaeus. Liro (1938) has given specific rank to the races on Anemone, Trollius, Ranunculus ficaria, and some other members of the Ranunculaceae. Urocystis cepolae Frost , ^ - Onion Smut Urocystis cepulae Frost, Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass. St. Bd. Agric, xxiv, p. 175,1877. Urocystis colchici (Schlecht.) Rabenh. var. cepulae M. C. Cooke, 1877. Tuhurcinia cepulae (Frost) Liro, 1922. ' Sori in the leaves as isolated pustules or as elongated dark streaks beneath the epidermis which later ruptures (Plate II, Fig. 3). Spore mass powdery, dark brown. Spore halls spherical to elhpsoidal, 14-22 fi diam., each composed of a single spore surrounded by a layer of spherical to ellipsoidal yellowish to subhyaline sterile cells, 4-6 /i diam. Spores spherical to ellipsoidal, reddish brown, smooth, 11-14 fi. diam. On Allium cepa (cultivated onion); also A. porrum (leek) and A. vineale (Moore, 1943, 1948). April, May, Nov. England, Scotland.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30:
3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32:
CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34:
GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36:
GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38:
GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40:
GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42:
TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44:
TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132: BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134: EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136: INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138: Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140: Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142: 2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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