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78 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ovoid sporidia are borne at the apex and at the septa-. The basal cell of the promycelium becomes empty. Conjugation between sporidia was not observed but they were seen to bud off secondary sporidia. I Infection of the host probably takes place through the bulbils (ScheUenberg, 1907). '' It is rather doubtful whether this smut, which shows affinities to S. hydropiperis and Ustilago bistortarum, should be treated as a distinct species. The spores of the Ben Lui material differ from those of S. hydropiperis in being clearly verrucose without resort to an oil immersion objective but the presence of a false membrane within the covering of host tissue could not be established. Fischer & Hirschhorn (1945 a) list U. bistortarum var. injiorescentiae as a synonym of S. hydropiperis. Through the kindness of Dr. L. Zundel, a fragment of the type specimen of U. bistortarum var. inflorescentiae [Herb. I.M.I. 19826] was obtained. It has clearly verrucose spores. CniTEACTiA Comu, Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., Ser. 6, xv, p. 279, 1883. Type: Cintractia axicola (Berk.) Cornu on Fimbristylis annua var. diphylla. North America. Synonym: Anthracoidea Brefeld, 1895. Sori in various parts of the host, especially the ovaries. Spore mass agglutinated, black, surrounding a central columella of host tissue. Spore development centripetal. Spores single, medium or large in size. Spore germination see p. 79. . Usually on Cyperaceae. Cintractia caricis (Pers.) Magn. Uredo caricis Persoon, Synopsis, p. 225, 1801. Farinaria carbonaria Sowerby, 1803. Uredo urceolorum de CandoUe, 1815 [nov. nom. for U. caricis Pers.]. Caeoma urceolorum (DC.) Schlechtendal, 1824. Ustilago caricis (Pers.) Unger, 1836. Ustilago urceolorum (DC.) Tulasne, 1847. Anthracoidea carycis (Pers.) Brefeld, 1895. Cintractia caricis (Pers.) Magnus, Abh. bot. Ver. Brandenb., xxxvii, p. 78, 1896. Scyri in the spikelets replacing the ovaries, usually partly hidden by the glumes, globose or somewhat elongated, about 2-3 mm. diam., each covered by a thin grey false membrane which soon disintegrates. Spore mass firmly agglutinated, sometimes becoming powdery, black, weathering away to expose a central columella of host tissue. Spores round, oval, or polygonal in surface view, navicular in side ^"'•Spore^*'^>f500^"*''^' ^ew, sometimes attached to the remains of semigelatinized hyphae, dark brown, frequently almost opaque, smooth or granular to distinctly but very minutely verrucose, 14-24 /tt diam. (Fig. 8).
THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex arenaria, G. bigelowii, C. capilUtris, C.fiacca, C. nigra, C.panicea, and C. pulicaris [Plowright (1889) also gives C. praecox [G. caryophyllea], G. stdlatula [G. echinata], G. dioica,, G. pseudocyperus, and C. hirta]; Ehynchospora alba; Scirpus caespitosus. June-Sept. Widespread. Exsiccati: (as Ustilago urceolorum) Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc., i, 541 (on Scirpus caespitosus (see Sadler, Trans. Proc. Edinh. hot. Soc, xi, p. 469, 1873); Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit., 131 (on Garex flacca). Spore germination. Brefeld (1895) obtained germination in spring'from spores which had been lying in damp soil since the previous season. The relatively thick promycelium became empty and septate in the older part, branched above the surface of the water and cut off oval sporidia which fell off and germinated to form mycelium (Fig. 5 d). A number of different species of Gintractia have been distinguished on Garex (seeLiro, 1938) and the forms on Ehynchospora and Scirpus are sometimes designated G. montagnei (Tul.) Magn. and C. scirpi (Kiihn) Schellenb., respectively. Of the British collections examined, only those of G. subinclusa (see below), with its coarsely warted spores, could invariably be distinguished morphologically from G. caricis. Cintraetia subinclusa (Korn.) Magn. Ustilago subinclusa Kornicke, Hedwigia, xiii, p. 159, 1874. Anthracoidea subinclusa (Korn.) Brefeld, 1895. Gintractia subinclusa (Korn.) Magnus, Abh. bot. Ver. Brandenb., xxxvii, p. 79, 1896. Sori in the spikelets replacing the ovaries, partly hidden by the glumes, globose, 3-4 mm. diam., each at first covered by a thin grey false membrane. Spore mass agglutinated, black, surrounding a central columella of host tissue. Spores globose, ellipsoidal, or somewhat elongated, dark brown with hyahne to tinted coarse wart-like projections, 12-20 ju. diam. On Garex riparia. -'* * Warwicks., Bradnocks Marsh (June, 1920), Hampton-in-Arden (June, 1922), near Tanworth Grove (see J. Bot., Lond., Ix, p. 168, 1922); Norfolk. Exsiccati: Berkeley, Brit. Fungi, 114 (as Uredo urceolorum). Spore germination is, according to Brefeld (1895), very similar to that of G. caricis, but the sporidia tend to be produced singly or in twos at the tips of the promycehal branches rather than in twos or threes (Fig. 5 c) as in C. caricis. Pohjakallio (1935) described the germination in G. karii Liro from Garex brunnescens (Pers.) Pon. The promycelia were often dilated at the apex and the sporidia developed on short sterigmata (Fig. 5 e). Gintractia pratensis Sydow from Garex recurva Huds. was studied by Cocconi (1893). Sporidia were lateral on a simple promycelium and budded in the medium.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22:
BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24:
BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26:
BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28:
BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124: REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126: REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130: REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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