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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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gg THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI * Spores smooth or granular^ Ustilago longissima (Sow. ex Schlecht.) Meyen ^ \Uredo longissima Sowerby, Engl. Fungi., tab. 139, 17,99] Caeoma longissimum Schlechtendal, Flor. berol., ii, p. 129, 1824. Ustilago longissima (Sow. ex Schlecht.) Meyen, Pflanzen-Pathdlogie, p. 124,1841. Sort in the leaves as raised, dark, longitudinal streaks up to 1 mm. diam. and a few mm. to the length of the leaf long; the epidermal sorus covering, usually the upper, rupturing at maturity. Spore muss powdery, brown, dispersing to leave empty furrows in the leaf. Spores globose to sub-globose or more irregular, pale yellow-brown, apparently smooth, but under an oil immersion objective rough or granular, 4-6 ju, diam. On Glyceria maxima, and 0. fluitans. April-Oct. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: on 0. maxima, Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsicc., i, 55 B; ii, 71; Vize, Fungi Brit., 33; Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit., 568; on O. fluitans, Cooke, ibid., i, 55 A. Spore germination. The characteristic method of germination was described and figured by Fischer von Waldheim (1869), Brefeld (1883), and Plowright (1889), and recorded by several other workers (see Liro, 1924, p. 413). It is peculiar in that the promyceHum is very short (3-4 fx), scarcely projectiag from the spore, and cuts off apically a succession of sporidia. These grow rapidly in the nutrient solution, become septate, branch, and form more sporidia. Fusions occur and as the medium becomes exhausted sporidial production is replaced by mycelial growth. Paravicini (1917) observed the binucleate condition of mycelial cells following the fusion of sporidia. Hiittig (1931) claims that the longissima vaeihod of germination can be induced in Ustilago avewae by a low temperature (0° C.) and that U. longissima will form a four-celled promycelium (U. violacea type) at 35° C. Bauch (1923, 1930) and Kammerling (1929) studied incompatibility factors in U. longissima and in its variety macrospora. Four haploid nuclei are formed by the division of the nucleus in the chlamydospore, and two nuclei, -syhich usually differ in the factors that govern fusion, pass into the first sporidium. Consequently the uninucleate progeny of this sporidium will fuse inter se. Subsequent sporidia cut off from the promycelium carry only one haploid nucleus and their descendants will not fuse (see Fig. 2/). Fusion in U. longissima is governed by two pairs of allelomorphic genes. Normal fusion leading to the development of strong Suchfdden only occurs when the haplonts differ in both factors. If they have one factor in common a peculiar tangle of hyphae is formed and growth in culture is recognizably distinct (Bauch, 1930). Infection of host probably occurs through tiller buds (see Liro, 1924, p. 415). Ustilago hjTiodytes (Schlecht.) Fr. Stem Smut of Grasses Caeoma hypodytes Schlechtendal, Flor. berol., ii, p. 129, 1824. Ustilago hypodytes (Schlecht.) Fries, Systema, iii, p. 518, 1832. Sori in the stems, surrounding the internodes, when fully developed extending ' The species of Ustilago have been grouped according to whether the spores are smooth or granular (see above), verrucose or echinulate (p. 60), or reticulate (p. 69), and they are arranged in increasing spore size within each group.
THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one node to the next and frequently aflFecting several successive intemodes or the entire stem (Plate I, Fig. 5), no special covering membrane but at first protected by the leaf sheaths; occasionally in the spiltelets. Spore mass powdery, dark brown, weathering away to leave the culm bare. Spores spherical to ovoid, sometimes more irregular, not infrequently, especially in some collections with a rather inconspicuous transparent cap at each pole, yellow-brown, smooth, 4-7 (av. 4-5-5-0 ;LI) diam.i On Agropyron acutum, A. caninum, A. juncewm, A. pungens, A. repens Ammophila arenaria, Bromus carinatus, B. erectus, Elymus arenarius, Festuca gigantea, Trisetum flavescens. June-Sept. Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi Brit. Exsic, i, 56; ii, 433; Vize, Fungi Brit., 35. Sydow, Dstilagineen, 10; Vestergren, Micromycetes rar. select.^ 1595. Spore germination. Several workers refer to the difficulty of germinating spores of this species (Fischer von Waldheim, 1869; Plowright, 1889; Viennot-Bourgin, 1937; Bond, 1940). Winter (1876) figured a septate promycelium with one sporidium or a. TeMiveiy long Bierigma^ while BreMd (1^83) and Boss (1927}foand that the spores produced only a richly branched mycelium. Fischer & Hirschhom (1945 b) have photographed the germination of stem smut from several American forage grasses (Fig. 2 g). The proniyceUa become septate and put out protuberances which usually develop into branches. Occasionally (see Fig. 2gr (lower fig.), from Agropyron spicatum) these branches end in a sporidium, thus confirming some of the older conflicting records. In cultures branches grow above the medium and form chains of aerial sporidla (Boss, 1927; Bomhovd, 1936; Kolk, 1943; Fischer & Hu-schhorn, 1945 b). Bornhovd paired 20 monosporidial cultures ^d failed to observe hyphal fusion, though the presence of coarser hyphae (Siichfaden) in old cultures suggested that fusion had occurred. Fischer & Hirschhom (1945 b) record fusions between detached sporidia. Infection of the host. The inoculation experiments of Bomhovd (1936) and Bond (1940) were inconclusive. Fischer (1945) successfully infected mature plants of Elymus canade^isis; Agropyron trachycaulum, and A. cristatum. The plants were clipped back in August to about five in., sprayed with a suspension of spores, and kept moist for 48 hours. The smut did not sporulate until two or three years after inoculation. The failure of other methods of inoculation, namely, blossominfection and seed-contamination, showed that this ^mut is not seed-borne. The morphology and growth of the sterile leafy culms replacing normal inflorescences on infected plants of Bromus erectus £(,nd Elymus arenarius have been described by Feucht (1930) and Bond (1940). Infection is systemic and a perennial mycelium exists in the rhizome. In diseased plants the shoot follows a continuous development in contrast to the periodic growth of healthy rhizomes. Viennot-Bourgin (1937) has described the changes in anatomy induced in the host by this smut. ^ This description was written before the publication of the paper by Fischer & Hirschhom (1945 b), in which V. hypodytes is considered to embrjice four species and one variety separable into two groups characterized by species whose spores possess or lack hyaline bipolar areas or appendages. After a re-examination of the JBritish material and a study of other collections from Europe and North America, it was decided to make no change at present in the taxonomy and nomenclature of this smut.
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15: FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16: ^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20: BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22: BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71 and 72: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 73 and 74: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results o
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110:
On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114:
THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118:
REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120:
REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122:
REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
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