nmm sP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

$~\\~SAnfF~~~ ,$

70 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI Ustilago violacea (Pers.) Fuckel Uredo violacea Persoon \pisp. Meih. Fung., p. 57, 1797] ex Persoon, Synopsis, p. 225, 1801. ' Farinaria stellariae Sowerby, 1803, fide Fries, 1832. , Uredo antherarum de CandoUe, 1815 [nov. nom. for U\ violacea Pers.]. Ustilago antherarum (DC.) Fries, 1832. Ustilago violacea (Pers.) Fuckel, Symb. mycol., p. 39, 1869 [as '(Pers.) Tul.']. 8ori in the anthers (Plate II, Fig. 2). Spore mass powdery, pinkish purple. Spores spherical or sub-spherical to elUpsoidal, tinted pa-le violet or almost hyahne, delicately reticulate (reticulations about 1 fj. diain.) 5-12 (av. 7-8) /A diam. On Cerastium viscosum, Cucubalus baccifer, Dianthtts caryophyllus (cultivated carnation). Lychnis flos-cuculi, Melandrium album, M. dioicum, Silene acaulis, S. alsine, S. cucubalus, S. maritima, S. otites, Stellaria graminea, and S. holostea. May to October (and at other times on carnations under glass). Widespread. Common. Exsiccati: Cooke, Fungi. Brit. Exsicc, ii, 427; Vize, Fungi Brit., 34; Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit., 569. Spore germination. Spores of this species germinate easily when fresh and remain viable for some time. Tulasne (1847) described the septate promycelium which falls somewhat easily from the spore. Schroeter (1877) described the sporidia from the smut on Dianthus carthusianorum as elliptic, often flattened on one side, 4x2-3 /x. Fischer von Waldheim (1869), Brefeld (1883), and Schellenberg (1911) also figured germination and it has been accepted as a type which like U. avenae readily produces a four-celled promycelium with sporidia sprouting from each cell. PlowTight (1889) germinated spores of the form known as U. major on Silene otites and Liro (1924) described fusion between sporidia in the form on Silene vulgaris [S. cucubalus]. According to Harper (1899) who studied nuclear division in the sporidia, one nucleus may remain in the spore and a second or third promycelium develop after the first has fallen off. Fusions readily occur in cultures several days old between appropriate cells of the promycelium, between these and sporidia, or among the sporidia and their progeny. Paravieini (1917) also figured fusions of uniaucleate sporidia. The classic work of Kniep (1919, 1928) which established heterothalHsm in the Ustilaginales was conducted on this species (see p. 29). Infection of the host. The fungus can infect the plant through seedlings, underground shoots, and axOlary buds (Hecke, 1907,1926; Werth, 1913; Zfilig, 1921; Liro, 1924). It is apparently not carried by the seed as in loose smut of wheat, but if spores are sown on the ovaries of healthy flowers the fungus will invade the plant and a few months later the newly formed blossoms haye infected anthers. When female plants are attacked, the flower develops on a longer floral axis and has a cylindrical calyx more like that of the male. Stamens which would normally remain rudimentary develop and contain chlamydospores as on infected male plants (Werth, 1913, Fig. 1). Racial specialization. ZilHg (1921) recognized eight physiologic races of anther smut and showed that the fungus would not pass between two such closely related hosts as Melandrium album and M. dioicum. Liro (1924) tabulated the
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 71 results of many infection experiments and gave specific rank to eleven forms of anther smut on members of Caryophyllaceae (see also CSferri, 1938). The anther smut of Silene otites has been distinguished as U. major Schroet. on account of its larger spores, but as the spore size (8-10 /x) in the one British collection (Vize, Micro. Fungi Brit., 569) examined on this host fell within the range of variation shown by collections from other hosts of the same and different genera, this distinction is not made here. Ustilago scabiosae (Sow.) Winter Farinaria scabiosae Sowerby, Engl. Fungi, Tab. 396, Fig. 2, 1803. Ustilago scabiosae (Sow.) Winter, Hedwigia, xix, p. 159, 1880. Sori in the anthers. Spore mass powdery. Honey Colour (Ridgway), filling the florets and giving the flower heads a dusty appearance. Spores globose to subglobose, tinted pale yellow, wall about 2 [j, thick, epispore hyaline, reticulate (reticulations up to 1-0 jn diam.), 8-11 [i diam. On Knautia arvensis. July-Aug. Widespread. • Fairly Common. Exsiccati: Vize, Fungi Brit., 566 (as U. flosculorum var. succissae). Spore germination. Germination has been figured by Fischer von Waldheim (1869), Schroeter (1877), Brefeld (1883), Plowright (1889), and Harper (1899) (Fig. 2 j). According to Schroeter (1877) the triseptate promyceUa (16-20 X 5-6) fj. produced shortly ovate sporidia which tended to become round (about 6 /ii) later. PromyceUa often feU away from the spores. Budding in nutrient solution was described as particularly profuse by Brefeld (1883) and the sporidia were nearly spherical (4-5 X 4 /x). Harper (1899) described the passage of the chlamydospore nucleus into the promycelium and its division when the promycelium has attained one-third of its mature length. Paravicini (1917) figured the fusion of sporidia. Infection of the host. Experiments by Liro (1924) suggest that seedKngs and underground parts of mature plants can be invaded by this smut. Ustilago succisae Magn. Ustilago succisae P. Magnus, Hedwigia, xiv, p. 17, 1875. Sori in the anthers. Spore mass granular to powdery, white or cream. Spores globose to sub-globose, colourless, wall 2^7i thick, epispore hyaline, reticulate (reticulations up to 1-0 /x diam.), 11-14 fi diam. On Succisa pratensis. Aug.-Oct. Widespread. Common. Spore germination. Magnus (1875) observed germination in September and December. Sporidia were budded oif terminally and laterally from the fourcelled promyceUa at first singly and later in groups of three. Budding occurred before and after the sporidia became detached. Fusions were not observed. Ustilago flosculorum (DC.) Fr. Uredo flosculorum de CandoUe, Flor. franc, vi, p. 79, 1815. Ustilago flosculorum (DC.) Fries, Systema, iii, p. 518, 1832. Sori in the anthers. Spore mass powdery. Brown Vinaceous (Ridgway). Spores
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI ^ (USTILAGIN
Page 3:
FOREWORD THIS volume was started wh
Page 6 and 7:
6 PBEFACE We also acknowledge the b
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION THE smut fungi, which
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION H of bushels of wheat
Page 14 and 15:
FIG. 1. Vstilago avenae on Arrhenat
Page 16:
^^ THE BBITISH SMUT FUNGI Young hea
Page 19 and 20:
BIOLOGY 15 less than the normal, in
Page 21 and 22: BIOLOGy 17 and united with it, fina
Page 23 and 24: BIOLOGY 19 eermination in a collect
Page 25 and 26: BIOLOGY 21 genus, and the manner of
Page 27 and 28: BIOLOGY 23 species of Entyloma, and
Page 29 and 30: 3036^ BIOLOGY 25 in others. Dickins
Page 31 and 32: CYTOLOGY THE discovery of nuclei in
Page 33 and 34: GENETICS INCOMPATIBILITY KNIEP'S di
Page 35 and 36: GENETICS • 31 direction of growth
Page 37 and 38: GENETICS 35 when a few sporidia fro
Page 39 and 40: GENETICS 37 lines retained their di
Page 41 and 42: TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATIO
Page 43 and 44: TECHNIQUE 41 be undesirable. Weak a
Page 45 and 46: TECHNIQUE 43 in one season (see p.
Page 47 and 48: TECHNIQUE 45 barley with loose smut
Page 49 and 50: TECHNIQUE 47 (1939), Holton & Heald
Page 51 and 52: TECHNIQUE 49 Allen's, modification
Page 53 and 54: CLASSIFICATION THE morphological ch
Page 55 and 56: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI MOST of the
Page 57 and 58: FIG. 2. Spore geimination in Ustila
Page 59 and 60: THE BRITISH SMUT FUJJGI 57 from one
Page 61 and 62: THE BRITISH SMUT FUKGI 59 of exsert
Page 63 and 64: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 61 noticeabl
Page 65 and 66: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 63 Evidence
Page 67 and 68: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 65 winter in
Page 69 and 70: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 67 Ustilago
Page 71: THE BRITISH SMUT FUlJGI 69 material
Page 75 and 76: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 73 TTstilago
Page 77 and 78: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 75 Species i
Page 79 and 80: " TJSE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 77 Ustila
Page 81 and 82: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 79 On Carex
Page 83 and 84: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 81 Exsiccati
Page 85 and 86: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 83 Tilletia
Page 87 and 88: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 85 bunt ball
Page 89 and 90: THE BEITISH SMUT FUNGI 87 globose t
Page 91 and 92: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 89 FIG. 13.
Page 93 and 94: FIG. 15. Spore geimination in Taboi
Page 95 and 96: FIG. 17. Spore germination in Urocy
Page 97 and 98: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 95 separate
Page 99 and 100: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 97 8ori in t
Page 101 and 102: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 99 Urocystis
Page 103 and 104: 30390 THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 101 pr
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 20. Spore geimination in Entyl
Page 107 and 108: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 105 Sori in
Page 109 and 110: On Ranunculus ficariae and B. scler
Page 111 and 112: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 109 Infectio
Page 113 and 114: THE BKITISH SMUT FUNGI 111 [Sporidi
Page 115 and 116: THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI 113 Ustilago
Page 117 and 118: REFEEENCES 115 BBETT, M. A. (1940).
Page 119 and 120: REFERENCES 117 ^ DniON WESTON, W. A
Page 121 and 122: REFERENCES 119 GRIFFITHS, MAEIOK A.
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES 121 HtjTTiG, W. (1933).
Page 125 and 126:
REFEBENCES 123 LiMBOtruN, E. J. (19
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 125 NOBLE, E. J. (1934).
Page 129 and 130:
REFERENCES 127 RoDENHiSEE, H. A., &
Page 131 and 132:
BEFERENCES 129 STAKMAK, E. C, XCEEN
Page 133 and 134:
EEFEEENCES 131 WAXTBE, J. M. (1934)
Page 135 and 136:
INDEX to generic and specific names
Page 137 and 138:
Muscari Ustilago vaillantii, 59 Myo
Page 139 and 140:
Ustilago ficuum Reich., 113 —flps
Page 141 and 142:
2i}:y0 ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL
show all

nmm sP

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?