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THE BRITISH SMUT FUNGI<br />
MOST of the large number of specimens on which the following account of the<br />
smut fungi of the British Isles is based will be found in the herbaria of the Royal<br />
Botanic Gardens, Kew [Herb. Kew.], the British Museum (Natural History)<br />
[Herb. B.M.], and the Commonwealth Mycological Institute [Herb. I.M.I.].<br />
Other material examined is in the herbarium of the Ministry of Agriculture's<br />
Plant Pathology Laboratory, Harpenden [Herb. Path. Lab.], the Plowright and<br />
Grove sections of the herbarium of Birmingham University, and the comprehensive<br />
series of East Anglian smuts in the herbarium of Mr. E. A. Ellis.<br />
Whenever necessary and possible, sufficient specimens from Europe and other<br />
parts of the world were examined in order to establish the identity of the British<br />
material but, with one or two exceptions, the descriptions are based on collections<br />
made in these islands.<br />
The specific names have been carefully scrutinized. The full references to<br />
places of pubUcation are only given to establish the names adopted and for most<br />
species the synonymy is limited to names which have been used in this country.<br />
References to names for which the year only is given, and additional synonyms,<br />
may be found by consulting such standard works as those by Clinton (1904),<br />
Liro (1924, 1938), and Ciferri (1938).<br />
The time of occurrence is derived from the dates of collection of the specimens<br />
exaniined and for many species this period could probably be extended.<br />
The detailed distribution of most British smuts is uncertain. The twenty<br />
species here designated as 'widespread' occur in England and/or Wales, Scotland,<br />
and Ireland. Sampson (1940) compiled the published records for most species.<br />
The names of indigenous host plants are those recommended in the Check-List<br />
of British Vascular Plants (reprinted from J. Ecology, xxx, pp. 308-47, 1946).<br />
With the exception of Ustilago, the species have been arranged under the<br />
generic name in alphabetic order.<br />
USTILAGINAL^S Tulasne,<br />
Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., Ser. 3, vii, p. 73, 1847<br />
Mycelium inconspicuous, intra- then, usually, intercellular, systemic or localized<br />
at the point of infection. Sori conspicuous, generally forming exposed,<br />
powdery or agglutinated and usually dark-coloured spore masses at definite<br />
places on the host, especially in the flowers or inflorescence but frequently in the<br />
leaves and stems. Spores (chlamydospores) fight to dark in colour, smooth or<br />
variously ornamented, 4-35 /x diam., single, in twos, or in larger aggregates<br />
('balls') consisting of spores only or of spores and sterile cells. Sporidia<br />
(conidia) rarely formed on the surface of the host. Spore germination by a promycelium<br />
bearing lateral or terminal sporidia (basidiospores) which are frequently<br />
able to make saprophytic growth under natural conditions or in culture.<br />
Parasitic on plants, especiaUy the Gramineae and Cyperaceae.<br />
This Order has 33 genera arranged in two Families, the Ustilaginaceae and<br />
the TiUetiaceae. Two additional genera of palm-leaf parasites comprise the<br />
Graphiolaceae, a Famfly of somewhat uncertain relationship, which is frequently