Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences - US Burning ...

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Use a combination of existing and new nonnuclear and nuclear test facilities to validate predictive models and determine the performance limits of materials, components and structures. Full qualification of the materials, components and structures of any future fusion power system will require dedicated nonnuclear and nuclear testing facilities to allow system level testing of components, such as blanket modules and plasma facing components. This testing will look for synergistic effects and failure paths that are not revealed in single-variable material property studies. tests of this type will help to validate and benchmark models of materials and structural performance, and provide insight on possible synergistic phenomena that could compromise system reliability and performance. such experiments must be fully informed by the material property models derived from the separate-effects studies in a prototypic fusion environment and structural models validated by semi-scale type experiments. discovery and development of new materials will be the primary objectives of this Thrust. The testing and evaluation of materials, components and structures under simulated fusion conditions involving progressively more integrated tests will be carried out in Thrusts 11, 12 and 13. Scale and Readiness The scale of this Thrust is very large. While specific cost estimates were beyond the scope of the present planning activity, an order of magnitude level of effort can be obtained by examining previous cost estimates prepared for a similar planning effort. The 2003 Fusion energy sciences advisory committee development Plan estimated about $1,600m would be required for materials research and development over 35 years (not inflation adjusted) and would involve approximately 60 full-time scientific and technical staff at peak activity. it is also instructive to look at efforts to develop high-performance materials for other demanding applications. For example, a worldwide effort involving hundreds of scientists over a period of 20 years overcame several major technical hurdles to successfully develop ni 3 al intermetallic high-temperature alloys with sufficient ductility and fabricability for commercial applications in 2003. similarly, a dedicated science-based 14-year, $175m effort recently developed four successfully improved generations of si 3 n 4 ceramics with a resultant four-fold increase in high-temperature strength. This development enabled monolithic ceramics to become reliable structural materials for certain low-stress applications. The historical precedent for development of structural materials ranging from aircraft turbine components to pressure vessel materials is that a period of 10-20 years with $150-200m budgets are required for successful development. The development challenges for these materials systems pale by comparison to that for fusion materials, which could be the greatest materials development challenge in history. The combination of high temperatures, high radiation damage levels, intense production of transmutant elements (in particular, he and h), high thermo-mechanical loads that produce significant primary and secondary stresses, and time-dependent strains for which no high-temperature design codes exist requires very high-performance materials. consequently, it is imperative to initiate a robust materials science program now so that the needed information will be available at the appropriate time. Other Scientific benefits many of the materials science questions facing fusion energy are universal in scope and fundamental in nature with potential broad applications in fields beyond fusion energy. as mentioned, the thermo-mechanical demands being placed on fusion materials are at the limits of today’s ma- 348
terials science and technology, even without considering the additional demands created by radiation damage. For example, the scientific challenges associated with developing high-strength, high-temperature materials that are micro-structurally stable are faced in many technologically demanding industries such as aerospace, transportation, and conventional power generation. similarly, discovery of the means to simultaneously achieve high-strength and high-ductility or fracture toughness would represent an enormous breakthrough with broad implications for extending the lifetimes of materials that function in severe thermo-mechanical environments. in addition, fusion will develop recycling techniques and guidelines for the free release of materials, both of which are beneficial to the existing nuclear power industry and regulatory agencies. 349
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Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion
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Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion
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ExEcutivE SuMMaRy nuclear fusion
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Magnetic confinement magnetic confi
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The thrusts span a wide range of si
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eactor, most heat comes from fusion
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thrust 18: achieve high-performance
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confinement is measured by the so-c
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PART I: ISSUES AND RESEARCH REQUIRE
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ReneW Organization: Themes The stru
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22 Table 1. ReNeW Thrusts Address R
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Nonlinear simulati
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extended operation phase. The optim
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Figure 2. Alpha particles can cause
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Figure 3. Spectrogram of the time-v
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Do the alpha particles couple to th
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• improved understanding of the e
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most relevant to iteR. Recent obser
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H-mode access: access to the h-mode
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although present-day devices have m
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estimates indicate that it will be
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can enter the plasma core and dimin
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ent drive alone cannot account for
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Figure 10. Control involves the ele
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to operation of iteR. solutions for
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• identification and stabilizatio
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Disruption prediction accurate pred
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Figure 12. The application of non-a
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ion losses, a quantitative predicti
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due to incompatibility of the measu
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agnostic measurements of critical p
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quires assessment of when potential
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suggesTions for furTher reading 1.
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miTigaTing TransienT eVenTs in a se
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Nonlinear simulati
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increasing power density and pulse
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of recent accomplishments that have
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ity limits have been maintained. in
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highly risky in such an environment
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proximity-coil-based magnetics is ~
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will dominate the external sources
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The barrier gradient is generally l
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interaction with plasma boundary an
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itER-at aRiES-i aRiES-at b n (%) 3.
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and morphology, are needed. new mea
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field and temperature fluctuations
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large-scale process control problem
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tics. integrated control methods fo
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ing and design include computationa
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dated in the corresponding structur
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These requirements are applicable t
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• assess computationally, on test
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Research Requirements for Electron
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the launcher design is partly “tr
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tunities and goals for a few of the
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front layers of the field magnets c
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R&D Strategy a number of critical t
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formance burning plasmas are covere
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CreaTing prediCTaBle, high-performa
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magneTs JosePh mineRvini, massachus
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Design of the ITER
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to stabilize deleterious plasma mod
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longer than the (solid) thermal equ
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Promising new ideas have been devel
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to handle 10 mW/m 2 , and elms with
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• liquid surface PFc operation in
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integrated effort that includes fun
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Taming The plasma-maTerial inTerfaC
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138
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Design of an ITER
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trons in the breeding blanket. Thes
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Safety and Environment • developm
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plasma and gas to the scrape-off la
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gaps: need to select and test the t
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• neutron and other radiation tra
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emphasis on modeling and expertise
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gap: Current understanding of stren
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Research needs critical research ne
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• Proposing integrated safety des
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• techniques and instruments to a
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Qualifying DEMO Components Possible
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• developing the design of an eff
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harnessing fusion power Theme memBe
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168
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Reconstruction of
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Figure 1. Configuration space for t
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of 40%.) localized instabilities (t
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• Reduction of spheromak magnetic
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ment, but also micro- and macro-ins
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esearch requirements • evaluate t
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the banana regime, low turbulent tr
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in stellarator discharges with ohmi
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• investigate how demountable coi
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tion using a central solenoid is al
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functions, edge flows, and edge neu
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Development of predictive capabilit
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Edge localized modes (ELMs): edge l
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theory predictions for alfvén inst
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coils, to permit replacement of the
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stand the relative roles of long-to
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Table 1. 202
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primarily electrostatic, in the cas
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to be important in present experime
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PLaSMa bOunDaRy intERaCtiOnS The ex
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calized field errors that can cause
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needed Theory, Computation, Modelin
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Scientific Issues and research requ
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esearch requirements new facilities
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small, concept exploration experime
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tRanSPORt: DEtERMinE unDERLying tRa
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esearch requirements analysis of ne
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nEEDED FaCiLitiES nEEDED tHEORy, CO
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connections Between Research Requir
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opTimizing The magneTiC ConfiguraTi
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Proposed actions: • Prioritize bu
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3) as planning matures for the rese
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that have high impact, that benefit
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could have an impact on the identif
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The Us fusion program is well posit
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Mitigation of disruptions in the ev
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elevant plasmas for very long pulse
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and stability, and mitigation requi
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• control alpha heating feedback
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heavy ion beam probes (already in u
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alpha particles (ash removal). mode
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• determine minimum heating power
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Research should focus on developing
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estal structure need to be coupled
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• sufficient heating with little
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Proposed actions: Short-term: begin
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Demonstrate active control of the p
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Demonstrate burn control and contro
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Develop the means for and demonstra
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Medium-term: Test and optimize full
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• Recruit, train and support dedi
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With this information in hand, phys
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to carry out the validation program
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and new devices could be designed w
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• high-field sc magnets for stead
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Element 2 — High current conducto
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Element 7 — integration of conduc
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many other scientific fields are be
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• based on these assessments, pro
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systems include neutral beams, ion
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Page 304 and 305: • design and implement innovation
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Page 310 and 311: The modeling of near-surface plasma
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Page 314 and 315: • build large-size test stands wh
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Page 322 and 323: introduction Thrust 11 addresses th
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Page 328 and 329: The plasma facing components in a d
Page 330 and 331: to demonstrate that steady and tran
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Page 336 and 337: introduction harnessing fusion powe
Page 338 and 339: each Thrust 13 element includes the
Page 340 and 341: Figure 3. System concept for perfor
Page 342 and 343: equirements. Understanding the fuel
Page 344 and 345: • Use a combination of existing a
Page 346 and 347: chemical interactions between the s
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Page 354 and 355: evaluate, through advanced design a
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Page 358 and 359: 3. Computational analysis managemen
Page 360 and 361: Materials and Components: Fuel Cycl
Page 362 and 363: • employ energetic particle beams
Page 364 and 365: • develop and validate theoretica
Page 366 and 367: • develop new diagnostics for int
Page 368 and 369: • increase sustained noninductive
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Page 372 and 373: Proposed actions: 1. conduct two qu
Page 374 and 375: The key areas in which new knowledg
Page 376 and 377: • exploration of high-temperature
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Page 382 and 383: • study FRc stability at small io
Page 384 and 385: techniques for integrated data anal
Page 386 and 387: 4. based on the outcome of actions
Page 388 and 389: 2. With information from action 1,
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Page 392 and 393: aCROnyMS anD abbREViatiOnS (continu
Page 398 and 399: aPPENdix c: tHEME WoRKSHoPS tHEME W
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14. d.l. humphreys, Active Realtime
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tHEME 2: CREating PREDiCtabLE HigH-
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43. t.W. Petrie, White Paper: Some
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tHEME 3: taMing tHE PLaSMa MatERiaL
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37. e.J. strait, J.c. Wesley, m.J.
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20. s.a. maloy and e. Pitcher, Fusi
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tHEME 5: OPtiMizing tHE MagnEtiC CO
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39. P.W. terry, a. boozer, J.s. sar
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don coRRell, lawrence livermore nat
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GeoRGe mckee, University of Wiscons
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tony tayloR, General atomics RichaR
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