Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences - US Burning ...

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quires assessment of when potentially dangerous conditions (pressure, gradients, position, etc.) are occurring and the implementation of prevention methods (e.g., reduced power input, plasma movement). diagnostic systems will need to detect when dangerous conditions are present or being approached, and intelligent analysis algorithms will need to make real-time decisions. The detection/decision process must occur on the time scale of milliseconds to actuate a prevention and/ or mitigation strategy. This must be done with high reliability, since the safe operation and integrity of the device may be at risk from the off-normal event. development and testing of such systems is crucial to the success of burning plasma systems. Develop methods of Integrated Data Analysis and continue implementation of synthetic diagnostics in relevant codes optimizing the interpretation and analysis of measurements aids in more complete exploitation of data for understanding and predicting burning plasmas. We identify two areas where continued development is needed and will provide enhanced measurement capability. in particular, methods of “integrated data analysis” are required to combine related measurements from complementary diagnostics to minimize errors, resolve data inconsistencies, and obtain a validated data set. 4 because the implementation of “synthetic diagnostics” (i.e., predicting the quantity that a diagnostic actually measures) in modeling codes has been shown to be useful, more accurate diagnostic modeling within our available relevant codes is highly desired. COnCLuSiOn time Scales for Research We have deliberately not called for research on specific measurement techniques and diagnostics, since in many cases we cannot at present define the specific techniques that will be used or desired – indeed the creation of capable and compatible techniques is a major goal of the research. as the research program defines the desired measurement capabilities and thereafter, it must assess the existing capability of making each measurement and facilitate the research and development still needed. This will certainly require responsive support for short- and long-term development and implementation of new diagnostics and diagnostic techniques. measurement capability for both burning and non-burning plasmas must be systematically developed. new diagnostic techniques can take ~10 years to mature. They must move from prototypes, to validation, and to reliability demonstrations on nonburning plasmas. additionally, they must be modeled and/or tested (if possible) in a nuclear environment before they are commissioned on a burning plasma device. Research benefits The quality and coverage of measurements directly affect essentially all aspects of experimental burning plasma science. This research will enable both predictive capability applied to burning plasmas, as well as increase the quality and number of the measurements used for burning plasma diagnosis and control. 4 See, for example, R. Fischer et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 45 (2003) 1095–111. 64
correspondence to Research thrusts The research requirements for this Theme (“Understanding and achieving the burning Plasma state in iteR”) are to be addressed by several priority research directions, called Research Thrusts. These will be described in detail in Part ii of this Report. in the table below, we summarize how the research requirements and opportunities for the six panels of Theme 1 map into various Research Thrusts. PanEL RESEaRCH tHRuStS Understanding alpha Particle effects extending confinement to Reactor conditions creating a self-heated Plasma Thrust 4 (see above). controlling and sustaining a self-heated Plasma mitigating transient events in a self-heated Plasma diagnosing a self-heated Plasma Thrust 3: Understand the role of alpha particles in burning plasmas. Thrust 4: Qualify operational scenarios and the supporting physics basis for iteR. Thrust 5: expand the limits for controlling and sustaining fusion plasmas. Thrust 2: control transient events in burning plasmas. (also Thrust 3 [see above] for transient alpha-burst events) Thrust 1: develop measurement techniques to understand and control burning plasmas. 65
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Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion
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Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion
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ExEcutivE SuMMaRy nuclear fusion
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Magnetic confinement magnetic confi
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The thrusts span a wide range of si
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eactor, most heat comes from fusion
Page 15 and 16: thrust 18: achieve high-performance
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Page 19: PART I: ISSUES AND RESEARCH REQUIRE
Page 22 and 23: ReneW Organization: Themes The stru
Page 24 and 25: 22 Table 1. ReNeW Thrusts Address R
Page 26 and 27: ON PREVIOUS PAGE Nonlinear simulati
Page 28 and 29: extended operation phase. The optim
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Alpha particles can cause
Page 32 and 33: Figure 3. Spectrogram of the time-v
Page 34 and 35: Do the alpha particles couple to th
Page 36 and 37: • improved understanding of the e
Page 38 and 39: most relevant to iteR. Recent obser
Page 40 and 41: H-mode access: access to the h-mode
Page 42 and 43: although present-day devices have m
Page 44 and 45: estimates indicate that it will be
Page 46 and 47: can enter the plasma core and dimin
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Page 50 and 51: Figure 10. Control involves the ele
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Page 54 and 55: • identification and stabilizatio
Page 56 and 57: Disruption prediction accurate pred
Page 58 and 59: Figure 12. The application of non-a
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Page 62 and 63: due to incompatibility of the measu
Page 64 and 65: agnostic measurements of critical p
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Page 70 and 71: miTigaTing TransienT eVenTs in a se
Page 72 and 73: ON PREVIOUS PAGE Nonlinear simulati
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Page 78 and 79: ity limits have been maintained. in
Page 80 and 81: highly risky in such an environment
Page 82 and 83: proximity-coil-based magnetics is ~
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Page 86 and 87: The barrier gradient is generally l
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Page 108 and 109: Research Requirements for Electron
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R&D Strategy a number of critical t
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formance burning plasmas are covere
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CreaTing prediCTaBle, high-performa
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magneTs JosePh mineRvini, massachus
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Design of the ITER
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to stabilize deleterious plasma mod
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longer than the (solid) thermal equ
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Promising new ideas have been devel
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to handle 10 mW/m 2 , and elms with
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• liquid surface PFc operation in
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integrated effort that includes fun
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Taming The plasma-maTerial inTerfaC
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138
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Design of an ITER
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trons in the breeding blanket. Thes
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Safety and Environment • developm
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plasma and gas to the scrape-off la
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gaps: need to select and test the t
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• neutron and other radiation tra
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emphasis on modeling and expertise
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gap: Current understanding of stren
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Research needs critical research ne
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• Proposing integrated safety des
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• techniques and instruments to a
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Qualifying DEMO Components Possible
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• developing the design of an eff
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harnessing fusion power Theme memBe
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168
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ON PREVIOUS PAGE Reconstruction of
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Figure 1. Configuration space for t
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of 40%.) localized instabilities (t
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• Reduction of spheromak magnetic
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ment, but also micro- and macro-ins
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esearch requirements • evaluate t
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the banana regime, low turbulent tr
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in stellarator discharges with ohmi
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• investigate how demountable coi
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tion using a central solenoid is al
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functions, edge flows, and edge neu
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Development of predictive capabilit
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Edge localized modes (ELMs): edge l
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theory predictions for alfvén inst
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coils, to permit replacement of the
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stand the relative roles of long-to
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Table 1. 202
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primarily electrostatic, in the cas
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to be important in present experime
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PLaSMa bOunDaRy intERaCtiOnS The ex
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calized field errors that can cause
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needed Theory, Computation, Modelin
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Scientific Issues and research requ
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esearch requirements new facilities
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small, concept exploration experime
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tRanSPORt: DEtERMinE unDERLying tRa
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esearch requirements analysis of ne
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nEEDED FaCiLitiES nEEDED tHEORy, CO
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connections Between Research Requir
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opTimizing The magneTiC ConfiguraTi
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Proposed actions: • Prioritize bu
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3) as planning matures for the rese
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that have high impact, that benefit
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could have an impact on the identif
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The Us fusion program is well posit
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Mitigation of disruptions in the ev
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elevant plasmas for very long pulse
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and stability, and mitigation requi
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• control alpha heating feedback
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heavy ion beam probes (already in u
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alpha particles (ash removal). mode
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• determine minimum heating power
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Research should focus on developing
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estal structure need to be coupled
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• sufficient heating with little
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Proposed actions: Short-term: begin
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Demonstrate active control of the p
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Demonstrate burn control and contro
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Develop the means for and demonstra
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Medium-term: Test and optimize full
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• Recruit, train and support dedi
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With this information in hand, phys
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to carry out the validation program
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and new devices could be designed w
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• high-field sc magnets for stead
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Element 2 — High current conducto
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Element 7 — integration of conduc
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many other scientific fields are be
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• based on these assessments, pro
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systems include neutral beams, ion
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The Us d-t facility, studied in 1b,
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300
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• design and implement innovation
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the controlling instabilities and s
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cross-field transport in the pedest
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The modeling of near-surface plasma
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• build large-size test stands wh
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trol of the energy, impact angle, a
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ties that take advantage of simple
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ased materials development with adv
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introduction Thrust 11 addresses th
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technology is now evolving to inclu
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The elements of a thrust to develop
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The plasma facing components in a d
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to demonstrate that steady and tran
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mum of nuclear activation and prese
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introduction harnessing fusion powe
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each Thrust 13 element includes the
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Figure 3. System concept for perfor
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equirements. Understanding the fuel
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• Use a combination of existing a
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chemical interactions between the s
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dose fusion-relevant environment wi
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Use a combination of existing and n
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350
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evaluate, through advanced design a
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at the time when the demo design is
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3. Computational analysis managemen
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Materials and Components: Fuel Cycl
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• employ energetic particle beams
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• develop and validate theoretica
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• develop new diagnostics for int
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• increase sustained noninductive
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Proposed actions: 1. conduct two qu
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The key areas in which new knowledg
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• exploration of high-temperature
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• availability of high-power radi
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• study FRc stability at small io
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techniques for integrated data anal
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4. based on the outcome of actions
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2. With information from action 1,
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aCROnyMS anD abbREViatiOnS (continu
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aPPENdix c: tHEME WoRKSHoPS tHEME W
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14. d.l. humphreys, Active Realtime
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tHEME 2: CREating PREDiCtabLE HigH-
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43. t.W. Petrie, White Paper: Some
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tHEME 3: taMing tHE PLaSMa MatERiaL
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37. e.J. strait, J.c. Wesley, m.J.
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20. s.a. maloy and e. Pitcher, Fusi
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tHEME 5: OPtiMizing tHE MagnEtiC CO
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39. P.W. terry, a. boozer, J.s. sar
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don coRRell, lawrence livermore nat
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GeoRGe mckee, University of Wiscons
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tony tayloR, General atomics RichaR
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