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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L Poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon (Table 1). A closer look at the poverty incidence in Aceh indicates a disparity between people living along the coastal areas and those living further upland. The upland or inland people suffered more from political isolation, conflict and fear; they are poor and disadvantaged. Table 1. Poverty incidence in Aceh and Indonesia, 2004 to 2006 Year 2004 2005 2006 Aceh Province 28.4 32.6 26.5 Urban 17.6 20.4 14.7 Rural 32.6 36.2 30.1 Indonesia Source (World Bank 2008) 16.7 16.0 17.8 A study was conducted in June-August 2007 along coastal and upland areas in three locations - accessible East Aceh with strong conflict history, less accessible West Aceh with some conflict history, and the remote island of Nias with no conflict history. Primary data and secondary information were collected through household interviews, group appraisals and expert consultations from sample villages, both in coastal as well as inland areas. Data on deforestation were analyzed and comparisons were made between coastal and upland regions regarding livelihood strategies, land use household income, environmental damage after December 2004. About 54% of the district populations live inland and nearly 94% of these inland people rely on agriculture compared to 55% in the coastal areas. The proportion of households below the poverty line in all study sites is far higher than the national average (Table 1). In rural communities in the uplands of Aceh and Nias, agriculture is the basis of daily lives. In the inland average of 76% total income comes from agricultural activities and 21% from off-farm activities. Within agriculture tree crops form the predominant source providing up to 78% of household income. Compared to coastal communities the upland people depend more on tree crops and other forest resources as there are fewer off-farm economic opportunities (Table 2). People living in the inland areas are far poorer than those living along the coastal regions. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
92 Joshi L Table 2. Contribution of different sources to household income (%) in coastal and inland areas in Aceh and Nias Source West Aceh Coastal area Inland area Pidie Nias West Aceh Pidie Nias Agriculture 87.0 56.3 75.9 79.6 64.3 79.0 Food crop 4.1 0.3 20.8 8.7 25.4 Tree crops 59.5 0.7 32.7 62.1 36.0 77.8 Aquaculture 1.0 54.6 8.3 Livestock 22.4 0.8 14.2 8.9 2.8 1.2 Off-farm 12.2 41.7 13.4 18.4 35.6 14.5 Other 0.8 2.0 10.8 2.0 0.1 6.5 Remittance 0.8 2.0 1.3 2.0 0.1 Aid programme 0.1 9.5 6.5 Poverty incidence 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 Source: Budidarsono et al. 2007. Among the tree crops rubber, cocoa and coconut are the most commonly grown tree crops in Aceh and Nias (Table 3). Rubber alone provides a large proportion of the total income of sample households in coastal and inland areas of both West Aceh and Nias. Cocoa is more important in Pidie. While coconut is common in all areas, its contribution to household income is significant only in the coastal area of Pidie. Areca nut is also important in the inland of Pidie, but less significant in other areas. Coffee and oil palm are also cultivated by farmers on a smaller scale. Table 3. Relative importance of tree crops based on total income of sample households Coastal area Inland area W Aceh N=31 Pidie N=29 Nias N=35 W Aceh N=32 Pidie N=31 Nias N=34 Rubber 97.8 - 85.5 43.2 - 93.3 Cocoa 0.9 54.5 - 44.2 44.8 6.7 Coconut 1.3 45.5 14.5 0.3 2.3 Areca nut - - - 8.9 41.1 - Coffee - - - 2.4 11.7 - Oil palm - - - 1.1 - - Source: Budidarsono et. al. 2007. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
Page 114 and 115: 101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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