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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessment sites McLeod et al. In each site 1-3 permanent transects of about 100 m long each were selected based on visual assessment of crop performance (Poor, Medium and Good areas) at the initial survey in August 2005. The apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured at 5 m intervals along each transect using the Geonic EM38 instrument. This was conducted every three months between August 2005 and January 2007. Both horizontal, EMh, (most sensitive to 0-45 cm depths) and vertical, EMv, (most sensitive to 45-150 cm depths) readings were taken at each measurement point. A higher EMh value indicates salt accumulation in the top 30-45 cm of the soil profile, while a higher EMv value indicates salt accumulation in the lower 45- 150 cm of the soil profile. The site specific calibration to convert ECa data to soil electrical conductivity at field saturation (ECe) was developed following Slavich and Peterson (1993), and Slavich (2002). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil salinity in the tsunami affected areas was highly variable between the assessment sites (Figure 2). It had a wide range of values and was generally higher at the soil surface (Table 1). Soil salinity reduced over time due to leaching from natural rainfall or irrigation water. However, some sites remained saline until January 2007. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
134 McLeod et al. Table 1. Ranges of ECe values for surface and subsurface soil layers in 2005 and 2007 Soil Layers (m) Equivalent ECe values ranges (dS/m) Aug 05 Jan 07 0 - 0.45 0.8 - 33.7 0.8 - 23.4 0.45 - 1.5 1.0 - 21.8 1.1 - 23.0 Figure 2. Average ECa at the soil surface (EMh) at selected measurement times. Numbers above bars indicate the location of measurements Factors affecting soil salinity levels include length of seawater inundation period after the tsunami, land use/soil type, exposure to tidal movement, and the availability of irrigation water and drainage infrastructures. Soil salinity levels were higher in the areas that were inundated with sea water for a longer period after the tsunami (Figure 3). The length of seawater flooding after a tsunami relates to the thickness of saline mud sediment and water infiltration into the soil profile. Tsunami mud sediment was found to be thicker in areas that were flooded for a longer period. The tsunami mud collected from BPTP ground in Banda Aceh in January 2005 is extremely saline (EC1:5 value of 6.3 dS/m, equivalent to a ECe value of about 54 dS/m). Variation of tsunami-induced soil salinity between soil types/land uses is related to soil texture. Lowland rice fields with heavier textured soils were more saline than sandier and more permeable dryland fields. Lowland rice farming practices require the formation of an impermeable claypan at about 20 cm depth to hold water during the growing season. However, this layer also inhibits the downward leaching of salts after a tsunami. This suggests the critical role of surface drainage in leaching salts horizontally out of the lowland rice International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
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47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
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49 Slavich et al. factors observed
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51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
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53 Rachman et al. measured using th
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55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
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57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
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59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
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Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
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63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
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65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
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67 Agus F of North America, Europe
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International Workshop on Post Tsun
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IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
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73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
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Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
Page 114 and 115: 101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
Page 160 and 161: 147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
Page 162 and 163: CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
Page 164 and 165: 151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
Page 166 and 167: 153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
Page 168 and 169: 155 Sammut et al. associated manage
Page 170 and 171: 157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
Page 172 and 173: 159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
Page 174 and 175: 161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
Page 176 and 177: 163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
Page 178 and 179: 165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
Page 180 and 181: REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
Page 182 and 183: 169 List of Participants Internatio
Page 184 and 185: 171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
Page 186 and 187: 173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
Page 188 and 189: 175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
Page 190 and 191: 177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
Page 192 and 193: 179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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