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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006; Tarunamulia, 2008). The mapping has also shown that many ponds are excavated in sandy-textured soils, including sediments that are also classified as ASS due to the presence of pyrite. Sandy ASS are a significant challenge to the reconstruction effort because these sediments have both acid and engineering problems (Sammut and Tarunamulia, 2006). Soil sampling and mapping sub-programs have been conducted along the north east coast where most farms are concentrated. A soil texture model was developed by Tarunamulia (2008) to identify areas according to their dominant soil texture and associated engineering constraints. An existing soil model from ACIAR project FIS/97/22 in South Sulawesi was adapted to map ASS in Aceh. The latter model is based on information on the association between ASS formation and distribution with local geology, geomorphology, elevation, vegetation type and hydrology. Soil models and maps have been extensively ground-truthed along the north east coast, but west coast mapping of ASS is currently entirely based on remote sensing, GIS modelling and past soil data sets (Tarunamulia, 2008). Acid sulfate soils present a threat to shrimp and fish production in several ways. Firstly, the acid produced by these soils mobilise metals which are toxic to shrimp and fish (Sammut, 2000). Aluminium and iron can cause severe gill damage in shrimp and fish, stunt growth and reduce beneficial algal blooms. Mass mortalities of stock may also occur due to osmoregulatory stress through acid and aluminiuminduced gill lesions (Callinan et al., 2005; Sammut, 2000). Aluminium also flocculates clays leading to shrinkage and cracking of dyke soils (Sammut, 2000). Under severely acidic soil conditions, aluminium may occur as pearly-white aluminium floccules in the less acidic pond waters. Suspended iron floccules can precipitate or form on pond walls where they coat benthic algae used in milkfish production or smother shrimp gills. Iron and aluminium readily strip phosphate from the water column and consequently reduce the concentration of beneficial algal blooms (Sammut, 2000). Affected ponds require higher than normal lime and fertiliser application to neutralise acidity and maintain sufficient concentrations of phosphate for phytoplankton blooms (Mustafa and Sammut, 2007; Sammut, 2000). At high concentrations, iron also coats shrimp and renders them unsaleable due to the discoloration of the carapace. Iron oxides and jarosite are commonly formed on the walls of canals and dykes. The presence of these minerals is a good indicator of advanced pyrite oxidation in soils (Dent, 1986; Sammut et al., 1996). High concentrations of metals in ASS are also a bioaccumulation risk in shrimp, fish and seaweed culture (Gosavi et al., 2004). International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
Banda Aceh 0 40 80 kilometres Sigli 158 Bireuen Lhokseumawe Sammut et al. Figure 1. First approximation map of the potential distribution of acid sulfate soils (shaded area) in Aceh (Source: Tarunamulia, 2008) Soils with a clay content of less than 4% are prone to slumping and erosion (Sammut and Tarunamulia, 2006). Sandy soils are common in the shrimp farming areas of Aceh because the coastline is characterised by infilled coastal embayments bordered by beach systems with moderate to high wave energy. During the Holocene, rapid sedimentation of backswamps and lagoons created ideal conditions for the formation of pyrite, whereas wave and wind action on the open coast accumulated coarse sands which now form extensive beach and relict barriers and dunes. Both environments present a problem for aquaculture because coarse sands are not sufficiently stable for dyke construction, and pyrite-bearing sediments can become strongly acidic when they are excavated. Pyrite is also present in sandy sediments with a finer texture in the infilled swales and swamps landward of the beach and deflated dune systems. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
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47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
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49 Slavich et al. factors observed
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51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
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53 Rachman et al. measured using th
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55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
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57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
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59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
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Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
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63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
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65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
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67 Agus F of North America, Europe
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International Workshop on Post Tsun
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IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
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73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
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Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
Page 160 and 161: 147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
Page 162 and 163: CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
Page 164 and 165: 151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
Page 166 and 167: 153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
Page 168 and 169: 155 Sammut et al. associated manage
Page 172 and 173: 159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
Page 174 and 175: 161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
Page 176 and 177: 163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
Page 178 and 179: 165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
Page 180 and 181: REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
Page 182 and 183: 169 List of Participants Internatio
Page 184 and 185: 171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
Page 186 and 187: 173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
Page 188 and 189: 175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
Page 190 and 191: 177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
Page 192 and 193: 179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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