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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, livestock assets and home gardens to the tsunami were provided with fertilizers, HYV seeds, OPV seeds of various crops including paddy, pulses (peas and beans), oilseed crops (sunflower) and different kinds of vegetable seeds (gourd, melon, squash, watercress, rosella, chilli, tomato, egg plants). Agricultural hand tools were also provided together with training activities that included home gardening and harvest management; field crop production and management technology; crop protection; and salinity mitigation approaches were undertaken. Sri Lanka Within the agricultural sector 7,843 families were affected by the tsunami with 3,646 ha of paddy and a further 488 ha of food crops/vegetables destroyed. More importantly, from a livelihoods and household food security perspective 27,710 home gardens were destroyed with significant loss to livestock (FAO, 2006a). Land and groundwater bodies were affected by salinity and a number of water storage facilities lost. The first priority of the relief effort focused on supporting farmers to resume their livelihoods. Activities in this respect included monitoring the degree of salinization in soils and waters; the distribution of seeds and fertilizers to farmers; establishment of vegetable, fruit and ornamental nurseries at the community level; distribution of hand tools and water pumps; the allocation of livestock to farmers that included poultry, cattle and goats; monitoring and rehabilitation of land affected by salt; and training workshops on improved farming techniques; animal husbandry; and food processing techniques and nutrition. In addition to the distribution of aid to beneficiaries, the FAO programme has been responsible for the successful introduction of salt tolerant varieties of paddy to salt-affected areas as an interim stage in the rehabilitation of these production systems; the introduction of improved agricultural practices; achievement of high crop yields even in the presence of elevated saline levels; promotion of water savings technologies; support to post-harvest technology; improved nutrition practices; introducing various approaches for the management of salinity issues; strengthening of laboratory facilities with respect to salinity assessment and monitoring; and the establishment of coordination mechanisms with other organizations and, of greatest importance, the return of farmers back to their lands. The degree of soil salinization was contingent on the period of inundation; dug wells remain saline even after the soil had been flushed of salts; land productivity as indicative of crop production has increased considerably, but still did not reached the levels of International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
26 Niino Y productivity that were achieved prior to the tsunami; and the cultivation of sun hemp and its incorporation into the soil as a green manure showed to be an effective tool in reducing salinity. In addition, the application of large quantities of organic matter was demonstrated to improve the productivity of saline affected soils (FAO, 2008). Soil samples were collected to assess the degree of salinization and permanent monitoring sites established to assess the degree of remediation associated with the monsoon. There was clear evidence to indicate that significant leaching and flushing of salts occurred associated with natural rainfall. Field demonstration plots were established to evaluate different strategies and adoptable crop species. In addition, crop recommendations were made based on soil salinity levels. Damaged wells were reconstructed, by pumping out of saline waters where needed. Capacity building in salinity reclamation through the field and institutional training activities along with the establishment of crop demonstration plots in the field was also emphasized. The introduction of cowpea, sunflower, and vegetables was identified as a very effective strategy in enhancing existing production systems. Thailand The effects of the tsunami in Thailand were confined to coastal communities along the Andaman Sea. A total of 5,800 people died with 2,900 declared missing; 3,600 houses were destroyed and 412 communities were affected. The worst affected Province was Phang- Nga where 4,225 people lost their lives and 4,394 households were affected by the disaster. Within the Province 957 ha of agricultural land was lost and 412 farmers were affected. Along with this, livestock were destroyed and natural resources (i.e. mangroves, beaches, corals and fresh water) were all negatively impacted. External agencies such as FAO provided coconut, oil palm and cashew nut seedlings for 94 ha. Similarly, gypsum, inorganic and organic fertilizers and vegetable seeds were supplied to farmers for rehabilitation and establishment of crops. Selected farmers were provided with inexpensive vegetable hydroponic kits and associated training. A key element in moving forward was the promotion of diversified production systems along with the establishment of markets. A soil salinity classification system was developed for the tsunami affected land based on high resolution satellite imageries and aerial photos and the attributes including present land use, type and extent of damage, salinity level, soil texture, and water table depth were developed (FAO, 2006b). Sedimentation was a significant factor in the International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Page 4 and 5: iii FOREWORD The active subduction
Page 6 and 7: Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
Page 8 and 9: Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
Page 10 and 11: ix sediment, soil and water salinit
Page 12 and 13: xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
Page 14 and 15: 1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
Page 16 and 17: 3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
Page 18 and 19: 5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
Page 20 and 21: 7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
Page 22 and 23: 9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
Page 24 and 25: 2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
Page 26 and 27: 4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
Page 28 and 29: Figure 18. The decision support sys
Page 30 and 31: Figure 20. Observation perspective
Page 32 and 33: Figure 23. Five in one information
Page 34 and 35: 21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
Page 36 and 37: 23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 42 and 43: 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 46 and 47: 33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
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Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
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107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
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109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
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111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
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113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
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115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
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117 Shea et al. Material support wa
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TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
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121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
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123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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