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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF SALINITY RESEARCH IN ACEH FOR INDONESIAN RICE GROWING Hasil Sembiring, Anischan Gani and T. Iskandar Indonesian Rice Research Centre (IRRC), Sukamandi, Indonesia Abstract Salinity problems have become common in recent times, due to climate change and natural disasters. Several hundred thousand hectares of irrigated land are abandoned as a result of salinisation every year. Despite the fact that salinity has been destroying the productive capacity of land in Indonesia for decades, it is only relatively recently that we have recognized the extent of the problem. However, there are fewer efforts on a national scale to slow down the process; wide areas of lowland areas along the northern coast of Java and along the western coast of Sulawesi islands were abandoned because of sea water intrusion to the inland. In addition, expertise and staff dealing with soil salinity are scarce. The tsunami of December 26, 2004 destroyed agricultural land along the western and eastern coast of NAD. As a result, many crops established and yielded poorly due to salinity, water logging, and nutrition problems. There is a need to have experienced staff available to solve problems, to transfer techniques and knowledge on salinity remediation and to evaluate management strategies which at least restore productivity to pre-tsunami levels. To solve the problems, the ACIAR project, LWR/2005/118 aimed at restoring livelihoods through the re-establishment of annual cropping – especially rice cropping, and reducing the reliance on food aid in tsunami-affected areas of NAD. Several activities have been completed for this project and some results implemented with farmers in NAD. Capacity building through workshops and training, research and variety trials – especially on rice cropping and demonstration of crop management packages have been completed and evaluated in tsunami-affected areas. Rapid progress with re-establishment of rice farming is being made in response to this project. It is proposed that similar activities would be conducted in other locations affected by a tsunami. Rice is a major food crop in Indonesia and compared with other crops such as wheat and barley, sensitivity to saline soil conditions that can dramatically reduce rice yields. Results of this project in NAD, along with the trials and communication strategies could be used in other locations affected by salinity in Indonesia, especially for rice cropping. Key words: soil salinity, tsunami-affected soil, soil and crop productivities, rice cropping International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION 98 Sembiring et al. Salinity problems are becoming more widespread. Data from FAO shows that nearly 50% of irrigated lands had some degree of salinity problem. Every year several hundreds of thousands of hectares of irrigated land are abandoned as a result of salinisation (Abrol 1986). In Australia, salinity is a major environmental crisis; according to recent surveys, some 2.5 million hectares of land has already been affected by salt rising from the water table. Dr Tom Hatton from the CSIRO Land and Water Department warns that the area affected by salinity is likely to increase to 15 million hectares in the coming decades. Much of the land that has been affected is in the most productive agricultural areas (Leigh 2001). Further more, Zeng et al. (2003) reported those in recent years, salinity concerns are increasing in rice (Oryza sativa L.) producing areas of California, where a direct water-seeded system is dominant. Salinity levels of standing water at rice fields in those regions have risen because of irrigation practices such as the use of recirculation water systems and the requirement of water holding after pesticide application during early growth stages. This has resulted in loss of plant stand and reduction of final seed yield in salt-affected rice fields. The above phenomenon has also occurred in Indonesia, but reliable estimates of the extent of the problem are not available due to inadequate scientific surveys. Along the main rice production area in Indonesia along the north coastal region of Java island (PANTURA), the problem of salinity is increasing, and discussion with farmers from that area indicates that many have moved from lowland rice to salt producing land and fisheries, or abandoned their lands (Sembiring and Gani 2007). Despite the fact that salinity has been destroying the productive capacity of land for decades, it is only relatively recently that we have recognized the extent of the problem. Unfortunately, the effective efforts to slow down the process on a national scale are very limited. Salinity acts to inhibit plant access to soil water by increasing the osmotic strength of the soil solution. As the soil dries, the soil solution becomes increasingly concentrated, further limiting plant access to soil water. For this reason, it is true that salinity is a major environmental constraint limiting the yield of crop plants in many semiarid and arid regions, including the drier eastern part of Indonesia. According to Gregorio et al. (2002), saline soils are characterized by an array of properties that are adverse to rice cultivation. The problem of salinity is compounded by mineral deficiencies (Zn, P) and toxicities (Fe, Al, and organic acids), submergence, deep water and drought. These soil stresses vary in magnitude and interactions over time and place, making long-term adaptability of a cultivar dependent on its International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
Page 114 and 115: 101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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