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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATION OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ACEH AND NIAS Yusya’ Abubakar and Hairul Basri Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Aceh dan Nias Abstract The December 2004 tsunami caused great devastation to a wide area, including agricultural land along the east and west coasts of the Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province, Indonesia. Tsunamidamaged agricultural land by can be classified into three groups; light, medium, and heavy damage. From 2005 to 2006, rehabilitation of agricultural land was focused on light to medium damaged land, with heavily damaged land to be rehabilitated later. Major problems encountered in the rehabilitation of agricultural land were thick sand/mud/silt deposits, high salinity levels, high SAR values, blocked drainage, damaged irrigation channels, and traumatised farmers. As the rehabilitation and reconstruction process proceeds, rice fields have been gradually cultivated by farmers. Rice productivity in rehabilitated fields along the east coast, considered a lightly damaged area, has reached 5 – 6 ton per hectare (average productivity in the area before tsunami was 4.5 ton per ha). Meanwhile, productivity of rice in the western coast, considered a heavily damaged area, is 3 – 4 ton per hectare. Successful cultivation of most of the damaged agricultural land is due to strong efforts and commitment from all stakeholders involved in the rehabilitation such as the United Nations, NGOs, BRR and Local Government. From a soil chemistry point of view, most of the rice fields, particularly light and medium damaged land, do not have major problems anymore. Leaching processes have been due to both man-made process and natural leaching caused by rain. However, rehabilitation of heavily damaged land with sediment deeper then 30 cm (consist of mostly sand, mud and silt) has not yet been satisfactory rehabilitated, especially in the western coast. Drainage and irrigation channel that have not been fully cleared and reconstructed, have caused delays in a full recovery of heavily damaged agricultural land. Key words: Aceh rice field rehabilitation, tsunami-damaged agricultural land, rice field productivity, drainage and irrigation channel. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION 34 Abubakar and Basri The December 26, 2004 earthquake and tsunami caused great impacts and change to the communities who live in coastal areas of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD), including those who dependant on agriculture. The devastation included loos of life, damage to agricultural infrastructure, agricultural institutions, and agricultural supplies, and the marketing network. Data from the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Blue Print shows that 85,233 Ha of agricultural land was affected, consisting of 23,330 Ha rice field, 24,345 Ha dry land, and 37,558 Ha estate crops. Other damage include irrigation channels, agricultural machinary and loss of livestock and poultry (about 1.9 million heads). The most heavily damaged area is located in the western coastal districts of Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat and Nagan Raya which are located in the western part of NAD. Damage to the eastern coastal districts of Pidie, Bireuen, Aceh Utara and Aceh Timur was not as severe. Three years after the tsunami the condition of damaged land has gradually changed. Field observations show that most of the light and medium damaged agriculutral land have been rehabilitated and used by farmers. However, the heaviest damaged land is not yet fully rehabilitated and has not been used optimally for cultivation. This paper is written to briefly describe post-tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged agricultural land. The paper also shares experiences and obstacles faced in the field, and future actions to be considered to rehabilitate as yet unproductive land and promote livelihood activities. DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURAL LAND Tsunami-affected agricultural land can be divided into three categories, i.e. light damage, medium damage, and heavy damage. Light damage land identified by sediment of less than 10 cm thickness, no mud, no silt and no eroded land. Medium damage land identified by sediment between 10 and 20 cm thickness, less than 50 % debris and mud on the land, and some eroded land. Heavily damaged land identified by sediment greater than 20 cm, more than 50 % land covered by debris and mud, and heavy erosion. There is also agricultural land permanently lost due to the erosive forces of the tsunami. Damaged agricultural land located on the eastern coast of Aceh, fell into the light damage catagory. Districts that has lightly damaged land are listed in Table 1. Damaged agricultural land on the west coast was catagorised as light (class A), medium (class B) and heavy (class C), as listed in Table 2. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
Page 2 and 3: Proceedings International Workshop
Page 4 and 5: iii FOREWORD The active subduction
Page 6 and 7: Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
Page 8 and 9: Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
Page 10 and 11: ix sediment, soil and water salinit
Page 12 and 13: xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
Page 14 and 15: 1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
Page 16 and 17: 3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
Page 18 and 19: 5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
Page 20 and 21: 7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
Page 22 and 23: 9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
Page 24 and 25: 2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
Page 26 and 27: 4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
Page 28 and 29: Figure 18. The decision support sys
Page 30 and 31: Figure 20. Observation perspective
Page 32 and 33: Figure 23. Five in one information
Page 34 and 35: 21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
Page 36 and 37: 23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 38 and 39: 25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 42 and 43: 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
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107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
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109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
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111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
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113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
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115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
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117 Shea et al. Material support wa
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TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
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121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
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123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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