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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Niino Y The following lessons were learnt from experiences in the rehabilitation process. − Assessment of damage: A participatory needs assessment should be undertaken with the full involvement of farming communities before making decisions associated with the rehabilitation process. Parameters for assessment of damage that have been incurred and the proposed rehabilitation programmes need to be based on a transparent and scientific basis. − Variation in damages and intensity: The impact of the tsunami was not uniform throughout the affected areas. Differences in the extent of damages and the contrasting soil types that were affected call for different rehabilitation techniques and approaches. Hence a blanket approach should not be encouraged. − Coordination: There was a need to harmonize coordination between implementation agencies to avoid overlap of service provision, enhance the impact of these activities and improve the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. Improved systems and mechanisms of coordination must be developed at the sub-district or village level to avoid overlapping of programmes or duplication of the same inputs. − Technical expertise: Mixed messages regarding the rehabilitation process were often experienced by farmers. Operational guidelines for rehabilitation need to be in local languages and made simple. − Targeting and policy: The rehabilitation programmes need to focus on the farmer working on the land who may not always be the owner of the land. Programmes need to be gender sensitive and provide opportunities for women to earn an income. Policies/programmes need to consider the food security requirements of the farmers’ families in order to ensure adequate dietary intake, enhanced health and reduced vulnerability. − Comprehensive approach: Since lands affected by the tsunami were contiguous, a comprehensive approach to reclamation from salinity should be undertaken that includes lands of larger farmers. Reclamation should be part of an integrated farming practice to include diversification, value addition, capacity building and linkages for more sustainable agriculture. − Need for coordination: In the context of several actors involved in rehabilitation, each with differing priorities, there is a possibility for gaps and overlaps. Geographical coordination, coupled with a consensual approach, helps to effect uniform reclamation. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
30 Niino Y − Role of information collection, trends analysis and dissemination: There was a need for the collection of information, trends analysis and dissemination as a means of influencing stakeholders. − The rehabilitation of damaged structures and agriculture/livestock services in general was inadequate. If it were adequately addressed, adverse environmental impacts could have been minimized and immediate employment opportunities in affected villages created. − Soil salinity was recognized as a significant problem in the affected areas, although there was noteworthy progress with respect to its mitigation. This was largely due to the positive impact of natural rainfall on leaching/flushing salts from the effective root zone. However, there was a need to continue monitoring this process as there is evidence to suggest that sodicity and crop nutritional imbalances were posing a problem in some areas. − Proper and effective drainage networks to be maintained to allow seawater to immediately drain from fields. Rehabilitation of irrigation/drainage canals occurred to a limited extent. In areas where leaching was not feasible due to a lack of adequate drainage, it was estimated to take more than a few years before reclamation would be completed. − The use of gypsum as a soil amendment should be targeted to specific situations where the reclamation process warrants the use of these materials to enhance structural stability of soils and to correct nutrient imbalances. − Farmers were encouraged to grow salt tolerant crop varieties in coastal regions wherever feasible. − The introduction of cowpea, sunflower, and vegetables was very effective strategy in enhancing existing production systems and their incomes. This approach to further enhancing current agricultural production should be encouraged and promoted along with the use of compost and organic fertilizer. Strategies effecting the overall development of a sustainable agricultural sector were deemed to include: − A systematic recovery process should be implemented. This would require a greater degree of cooperation between all parties. − Monitoring of feedback and follow-up activities. − Sustainable solutions should include vulnerability reduction of people dependent on agriculture, risk transfer and disaster preparedness. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
Page 2 and 3: Proceedings International Workshop
Page 4 and 5: iii FOREWORD The active subduction
Page 6 and 7: Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
Page 8 and 9: Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
Page 10 and 11: ix sediment, soil and water salinit
Page 12 and 13: xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
Page 14 and 15: 1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
Page 16 and 17: 3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
Page 18 and 19: 5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
Page 20 and 21: 7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
Page 22 and 23: 9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
Page 24 and 25: 2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
Page 26 and 27: 4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
Page 28 and 29: Figure 18. The decision support sys
Page 30 and 31: Figure 20. Observation perspective
Page 32 and 33: Figure 23. Five in one information
Page 34 and 35: 21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
Page 36 and 37: 23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 38 and 39: 25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 46 and 47: 33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
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107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
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109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
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111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
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113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
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115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
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117 Shea et al. Material support wa
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TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
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121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
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123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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