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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACITY BUILDING AND RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE PONDS IN ACEH Jesmond Sammut 1 , Tarunamulia 1,2 , Akhmad Mustafa 2 and Michael Rimmer 3 1 School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; 2 Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, Jl Makmur Dg Sitakka No 129, Maros 90512, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; 3 School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia Abstract The December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami severely damaged approximately 20,000 ha of brackishwater aquaculture ponds in Aceh, Indonesia. The tsunami destroyed dykes, canals and ponds as well as infrastructure such as hatcheries and processing plants. In 2005, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) implemented a series of interrelated projects to rebuild technical capacity in the fisheries agencies, and to extend and facilitate adoption of pond remediation strategies developed under other ACIAR projects in Indonesia. The projects have delivered a program of technical workshops to Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) staff, NGOs, the Provincial and District Fisheries Service, and other donor agencies. The projects have also developed demonstration sites, produced extension materials and rebuilt laboratory and seed production facilities to facilitate the delivery of technical and extension services to the aquaculture sector in Aceh. Extension and laboratory staff of the Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development (CBAD) at Ujung Batee have been trained using a ‘train the trainer’ model. Staff have been trained in soil assessment, soil management, pond engineering, polyculture, disease identification and management, pond design, general environmental monitoring and management, and extension and dissemination techniques. The reconstruction of facilities at CBAD was completed in 2008 with funding from the Australia Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development (AIPRD). A research support component of the projects has mapped over 470,000 ha of acid sulfate soils and other problem soil types, and characterised chemical and physical properties of soils that require remediation and management. The projects have provided technical advice on the reengineering of ponds, remediation of degraded pond soils, and water management strategies to maintain good water quality. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION 154 Sammut et al. Brackishwater aquaculture is a major industry in the coastal lowlands of Aceh (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province), Indonesia. Before the December 2004 earthquake and resultant tsunami, there were over 200,000 individuals involved in the production of fish and shrimp (Phillips and Budhiman, 2006). In Aceh most farms are based on ‘extensive’ culture systems which feature low stocking densities, tidal delivery of water and minimal farm inputs. The tsunami destroyed primary, secondary and tertiary dykes and canals, and also deposited debris in ponds. Almost all (271) of the 297 coastal hatcheries were also destroyed (Mangalagiri, personal communication, 2006), and technical support and extension services were impacted through the loss of life and facilities. The major facility responsible for providing technical support to the aquaculture industry in Aceh, the Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development (CBAD) Ujung Batee, was badly damaged in the tsunami. Laboratories, hatchery facilities and staff housing were destroyed. In March of 2005, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) conducted a development visit to Aceh to identify opportunities to assist in the redevelopment of the aquaculture industry and other forms of agriculture. Acid sulfate soils (ASS) and other problematic sediments were identified as a significant constraint on reconstruction. The destruction of dykes led to daily exposure of pyrite (FeS2) in ASS-affected pond bottoms during low tide which generated more soil acidity than before the tsunami (Sammut and Tarunamulia, 2006). The reconstruction of ponds would also involve the excavation of ‘raw’ soils, that is, ASS containing sufficient pyrite to generate large amounts of acid once exposed to oxygen. New or repaired dykes have a high acid generating capacity because fresh sediments, excavated from pond bottoms, have a larger concentration of pyrite than soils in older dykes (Sammut and Tarunamulia, 2006). Reconstruction of dykes, ponds and canals using raw ASS without proper assessment and remediation would lead to production losses, as occurs throughout Indonesia (Sammut and Hanafi, 2000). Before the tsunami many ponds were also built in sandy soils and experienced recurrent production problems. Sandy sediments are not suitable for ponds because they are highly erodible and prone to leakage. Maintenance of ponds in sandy soils is often prohibitively expensive due to the need to regularly rebuild slumped or eroded dykes. Without proper assessment, the re-use of sandy sediments or the development of new ponds in affected areas, would ultimately lead to unmanageable dyke erosion and slumping, and high levels of water loss. Disease risks are also considerably higher because of the transfer of pathogens or infected stock between ponds when dykes fail (Sammut and Tarunamulia, 2006). These environmental and International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
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47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
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49 Slavich et al. factors observed
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51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
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53 Rachman et al. measured using th
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55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
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57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
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59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
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Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
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63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
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65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
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67 Agus F of North America, Europe
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International Workshop on Post Tsun
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IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
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73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
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Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
Page 160 and 161: 147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
Page 162 and 163: CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
Page 164 and 165: 151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
Page 168 and 169: 155 Sammut et al. associated manage
Page 170 and 171: 157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
Page 172 and 173: 159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
Page 174 and 175: 161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
Page 176 and 177: 163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
Page 178 and 179: 165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
Page 180 and 181: REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
Page 182 and 183: 169 List of Participants Internatio
Page 184 and 185: 171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
Page 186 and 187: 173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
Page 188 and 189: 175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
Page 190 and 191: 177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
Page 192 and 193: 179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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