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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION NAGAPATTINAM, TAMIL NADU, S. INDIA: A DISTRICT-LEVEL CO-ORDINATION EFFORT GM Chandra Mohan NGO Co-ordination and Resource Centre (NCRC)/ Bedroc For Concern Worldwide India Abstract Mohan GMC Nagapattinam, a coastal district in Tamil Nadu had the highest extent of agricultural land affected by tsunami in the Indian sub-continent totalling around 7,000 hectares which included all types of land. The government’s survey of damages and the package proposed for reclamation had its own limitations. At a time that NGOs and donors gave lesser priority to agricultural reclamation (early 2005), the NGO Co-ordination and Resource Centre – NCRC, took up the cause and reassessed the damages and evolved a comprehensive package of activities (with the active participation of all stakeholders). The damages and package were presented to the Disasters and Emergencies Committee (DEC) – a group of donor organizations which led to an understanding of the situation and their coming forward to support NGOs. NCRC conducted a series of workshops and meetings to improve NGOs understanding of agriculture and its importance and later played a key role in linking them with donors. A common shared understanding was developed among NGOs in terms of a uniform package and methodology and approach in implementation. The comprehensive package included three sets of activities, ‘immediate’ for desalination, ‘short-term’ for restoring soil fertility and ‘long-term’ for sustaining the farm in the long-run. A lot of advocacy effort was taken up with individual NGOs and their donor agencies to bring about commonality. Participatory area (village) allocation for the NGOs was completed in decentralized meetings in the presence of line departments and the farming community, ensuring working in contiguous areas. 23 NGOs implemented the common package across 42 revenue villages working with 297 Tsunami Farmers Self Help Groups (TFSHGs). Simultaneously, mass information dissemination about the package was done through printed brochures and local FM radio. NGO staff capacities were built through one-off training programmes. Effective implementation of activities was also ensured through direct monitoring visits and regular review meetings. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
76 Mohan GMC At the end of the season 2005-06, the comparison of soil test values of electrical conductivity (salinity) and pH (alkalinity) taken before and after clearly showed significant reduction in soil salinity. There was a marked increase in the soil fertility status in terms of soil organic carbon and other major nutrients. In spite of heavy rainfall and flood during the season, the crop yields especially paddy was 50 – 90% of the optimum in at least 30% of villages and up to 50% in close to 60% and this changed the earlier assumption of farmers that no crop would be possible for the three years after the tsunami. The successful first year’s reclamation effort is the result of joint efforts with the government complementing their work and package and reclamation of all tsunami affected lands and farmers (irrespective of type and category) through an effective participative co-ordination mechanism. In the second and third years, the focus has been on promoting farming systems approach duly integrating desalination measures and disaster proofing of agriculture working on off-farm drainage channels. Tsunami impacts The 2004 tsunami caused extensive damage in southern regions of India and Andaman and Nicobar islands affecting a total of 2,260 km. of coastline; the worst affected being Nagapattinam District in Tamil Nadu State. Apart from loss of lives, damages in fisheries sector and shelters, a large extent of agricultural land was affected by tsunami. NCRC and Concern Worldwide The NGO Coordination Centre was set up in early January 2005 for coordinating the efforts of approximately 500 NGOs involved in relief operations in Nagapattinam.. With the tapering off of the relief activities, this NGO Coordination Centre transformed itself into the NGO Coordination and Resource Centre (NCRC) taking on roles that evolved during the relief operations. The centre saw an emerging need for a mechanism to ensure the effectiveness of the different rehabilitation measures proposed in terms of equity and sustainability through ensuring meaningful exchange of communication between the planners and the affected communities, strengthening the sectoral knowledge and expertise and building a common vision and perspective. The support of Concern Worldwide India was in taking the agriculture cause into the Disasters and Emergencies Committee (DEC) initially and later supporting NCRC towards co-ordination costs and in the second and third years supporting the disaster proofing cause in full. International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 38 and 39: 25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 42 and 43: 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 46 and 47: 33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
Page 114 and 115: 101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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