Proceedings - Balai Penelitian Tanah

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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil amendments and mulching, and fertilization are believed to be main components of land rehabilitation after tsunami. However, due to structural limitations of irrigation and drainage systems and the very complex problem associated with nutrient ions in tsunami-affected soil, both measures are not easy and required coordination and time. In Aceh Barat rehabilitation of agriculture has been particularly slow. The main limitations are the improvements required to irrigation and drainage systems which also affect the ability to improve soil nutrition (Sembiring and Gani 2007). Because of these limitations, the use of salt tolerant varieties is recommended to sustain rice productivity after tsunami in NAD. Symptoms of salt injury in the rice plant are stunted growth, reduced tillering, whitening of leaf tips and frequently, chlorotic parts on the leaves, and although rice is classified as a moderately tolerant crop, EC of 6-10 dS m -1 , salinity is associated with a 50% decrease in yield (Brinkman and Singh 1982). More over, Dobermann and Fairhurst (2000) noted that rice is relatively more tolerant of salinity at germination, but plants may become affected at transplanting, young seedling and flowering stages. According to Mengel and Kirkby (1979), the detrimental effects of salinity are also often dependent on the stage of plant growth. For many species the seedling stage is very sensitive to salinity. In most cereal crops grain yields are less affected than straw yields. For rice, however, the reverse is true, as this crop is particularly sensitive at the flowering and seed setting stage. SALINITY RESEARCH IN RESTORING RICE PRODUCTION IN NAD Soil fertility and other chemical, physical and biological changes related to salinity in tsunami-affected soils have manifested in disappointingly low yields in rice. In NAD province, rice harvested area at 2006 was 318,406 ha (315,324 ha or 99.0% comes from lowland), with production of 1,342,197 ton (1,335,354 ton or 99.5% comes from lowland). These figures were much lower to be compared to their values before tsunami. Table 2 shows that, two years after the tsunami, harvested area and production of lowland as the main system of rice production in NAD are 14% lower than those of 2004, as a consequence of earthquake and tsunami on December 2004. Due to the facts that saline soils have a complex problems, restoration of annual cropping especially rice cropping in tsunami-affected areas of Aceh Province, Indonesia is not an easy task. To improve the productivity of soil and rice crop, many factors arising after the tsunami must be considered. Research must be conducted to evaluate the real conditions of the tsunami-affected soils, in terms of rice cropping restoration after tsunami. There is a need to develop, International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
102 Sembiring et al. demonstrate and evaluate soil management practices to restore the productivity of rice crop in tsunami-affected production areas, which in turn become a part of management strategies in restoring productivity to pre-tsunami levels, if not enhance it. Table 2. Rice crops production and harvested area by 2004 and 2006 in NAD Commodity Harvested area (ha) 2004 2006 Production (ton) Harvested area (ha) Lowland Rice 367,537 1,544,528 315,324 (14%) Upland Rice 3,429 7,547 3,082 (10%) Production (ton) 1,335,354 (14%) 6.843 (9%) Total 370,966 1,552,078 318,406 1,342,197 Source: BPS (2007). Values in brackets are percentage reduction from 2004. Carefully planned field, as well as pot, experiments were implemented to firmly establish the actual causes and identify remedial actions and soil management practices. The trials were widely promoted as demonstration sites in order to increase understanding of the issues and adoption of mitigation strategies. Many scientific approaches and specific technologies have been constructed, tried and evaluated. There is a need to transfer the techniques and knowledge to the farmers around trial sites. Agricultural research provides the means and capacity for generating new technology to increase agricultural production. Agricultural research systems after the tsunami have a key role to play in agricultural and rural community development in NAD. To cope with problems of rice cropping after tsunami in NAD, through the ACIAR project LWR/2005/118, research systems have been developed. Capacity building through workshops and training, research and variety trials – especially on rice cropping – demonstrating crop management packages have also been conducted and evaluated in some tsunami-affected areas. The DPI-ACIAR from Australia and Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development managed the project, providing technical inputs to local agronomists, and taking responsibility for data management and communications. Replicated field experiments were conducted to evaluate technologies (varieties, soil amendments, agronomic management) to improve rice crop production and targeted to address local management issues. Demonstration trials took place in Aceh Besar, Bireuen, Pidie and International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
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47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
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49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
Page 160 and 161: 147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
Page 162 and 163: CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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