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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN TSUNAMI-AFFECTED AREAS: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES Yuji Niino Land Management Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Abstract Following the devastating tsunami on 26 December 2004, several projects were initiated to assess the damages to agricultural lands and to plan appropriate interventions which included activities such as rehabilitation of damaged agricultural lands and infrastructures, reclamation of salt-affected soils for resumption of crop production. To assess the present status of the rehabilitation activities and share experience and knowledge for development of future plans and strategies for the longer term rehabilitation and development of the agriculture sector, FAO assisted the affected countries identifying suitable interventions for longer term rehabilitation and reconstruction of the agriculture sector in a sustainable manner best suited to the local agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions. The assessment of the damage caused by the Tsunami to the agricultural lands and water resources was conducted to develop strategies to reclaim the land and water resources and to train agricultural staff in monitoring soil salinity and translating the results into practical advice to the farmers. Salinity was not a major problems restricting crop cultivation as it was only a temporarily nature, but the lack of experience and knowledge of how to cope and deal with salinity was a major impediment to speedy re-engagement in crop production. BACKGROUND Following the devastating tsunami on 26 December 2004, numerous international and national institutions and organizations were involved in assisting affected countries in resumption of agricultural activities and restoration of shattered livelihoods. Three months after the disaster, a regional workshop on salt-affected soils from seawater intrusion was organized by the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, which provided an excellent opportunity for participants to share information, collectively assess initial findings related to rehabilitation needs and opportunities, share plans and proposals for future rehabilitation work, and develop mechanisms for collaboration and joint activities (FAO, 2005). Several projects were initiated to assess the damages to agricultural lands and to plan appropriate interventions which included activities such as rehabilitation of International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
22 Niino Y damaged agricultural lands and infrastructures, and reclamation of salt-affected soils for resumption of crop production. One of the main challenges was to identify suitable interventions for longer-term rehabilitation and reconstruction of the agriculture sector in a sustainable manner best suited to the local agro-ecological and socioeconomic conditions. An integrated and participatory approach was needed to identify promising technologies that could be easily adopted by the farmers. COUNTRY OVERVIEW India In all four states, Andaman and Nicobar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, the standing rice and plantation crops were significantly impacted upon. The extent of damage incurred due to the tsunami were over 11 000 ha of agriculture, horticultural and plantation crops and estimated losses was US$149.58 million. About 4 000 ha, 2/3 of the total area, of rice crop was lost or severely affected in Andaman and Nicobar Island (FAO, 2006a). Among the plantation crops areca nut, coconut and banana stands were severely affected. Seawater intrusion not only affected the standing crop but also resulted in the salinization of soils and water bodies. In some areas in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands land was permanently inundated and cannot be reclaimed. Immediate responses by both the Government and NGOs included the repair of dykes, spillways and irrigation canals; the analysis of soil samples to assess the extent of salinization; the clearing of debris from fields; scraping of surface salt from rice fields and plantation lands; the application of organic amendments to affected fields; the application gypsum to selected fields; the construction of check dams, ponds and the supply of pumps; the provision of farm implements and equipment to affected farmers; provision of emergency cash payouts to affected persons; the establishment of self-help groups within affected areas as a means of effecting the rehabilitation process; creation of awareness amongst farmers in the management of salinity; and the distribution of salt tolerant crop varieties. The rehabilitation process has had a major impact in returning the agricultural sector to its previous level of productivity. Whilst this sector was initially neglected in the overall recovery process, it has become evident that the agricultural sector was critical to the livelihoods of numerous coastal communities. Natural leaching and flushing of salts facilitated by abnormally high post-tsunami rainfall in some states and helped crop lands return to pre-tsunami production levels. The growing of crops such as sun-hemp and sesbania has been shown to be effective green-manures that can assist in the International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
Page 2 and 3: Proceedings International Workshop
Page 4 and 5: iii FOREWORD The active subduction
Page 6 and 7: Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
Page 8 and 9: Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
Page 10 and 11: ix sediment, soil and water salinit
Page 12 and 13: xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
Page 14 and 15: 1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
Page 16 and 17: 3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
Page 18 and 19: 5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
Page 20 and 21: 7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
Page 22 and 23: 9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
Page 24 and 25: 2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
Page 26 and 27: 4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
Page 28 and 29: Figure 18. The decision support sys
Page 30 and 31: Figure 20. Observation perspective
Page 32 and 33: Figure 23. Five in one information
Page 36 and 37: 23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 38 and 39: 25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 42 and 43: 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 46 and 47: 33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
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IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
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73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
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75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
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Nagapattinam Background Geographica
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79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
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81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
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83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
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1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
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87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
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89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
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POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
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93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
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CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
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97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
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107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
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109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
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111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
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113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
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115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
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117 Shea et al. Material support wa
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TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
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121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
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123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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