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99 Sembiring et al. level of tolerance to all the stresses that occur in its growing environment. Thus, in breeding rice for saline environments, multiple stress tolerance traits must be considered. Further more, Zeng and Shannon (2000) reported that rice is rated as an especially saltsensitive crop. The response of rice to salinity varies with growth stage. In the most commonly cultivated rice cultivars, young seedlings were very sensitive to salinity. Yield components related to final grain yield were also severely affected by salinity; panicle length, spikelet number per panicle, and grain yield were significantly reduced. Salinity also delayed the emergence of panicle and flowering and decreased seed set through reduced pollen viability. The 2004 tsunami caused significant degradation to agricultural lands in the coastal region of NAD. The most affected was lowland rice. The rice crop productivity is constrained by a combination of poor seed quality, use of unsuitable varieties, sub-optimal soil fertility and climate variability. To reduce these constraints in tsunami-affected areas of the east and west coast of NAD, the ACIAR tsunami recovery projects in NAD i.e. SMCN 2005/118 and CP2004/05 followed by LWR/2005/118 was aimed at restoring livelihoods through the reestablishment of annual cropping – especially rice cropping, and to reduce the reliance on food aid in tsunami-affected areas of NAD. Several activities have been completed for this project and some results have been implemented with farmers in NAD. Capacity building through workshops and training, research and variety trials – especially on rice cropping - demonstrating of crop management packages have been completed and evaluated. Through this article, the information on salinity affected soil and rice crop, especially in NAD after tsunami, is described and the most feasible remedial measure is suggested. Last, but not least, the implications of salinity research for Indonesian rice growing is also discussed. TSUNAMI IN NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM Tsunami on December 26, 2004 destroyed agricultural land along the western and eastern coast of NAD. The Agriculture Department of Ministry of Agriculture, the Government of Republic of Indonesia has assessed the area affected on food crops by tsunami in east and west coastal districts of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) (Table 1). At Aceh Besar district 11% of rice crop area was destroyed, especially at Ingin Jaya, Pekan Bada, Lhoknga and Syah Kuala sub-districts. At Pidie district 10.5% of rice crop areas were destroyed, especially at Pidie city and Indra Jaya sub-district. Further more; at Bireuen and Aceh Barat districts 8.1% and 14.7% rice land were devastated by International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
100 Sembiring et al. tsunami. The most affected area was the north-west coast of the province, 50-80% food crop areas were badly damaged; around Calang, Lamno, and the north part of Banda Aceh the rice crop areas were severely destroyed (Gani 2005). The most damaged crop land was rice land, due to location of lowland rice at the lower coastal areas. If direct action is not taken to rehabilitate lowland rice area, NAD will not be self sufficient in rice, as it used to be. Table 1. Lowland rice damage by tsunami in some districts, NAD 2005. District Lowland rice area (ha) Total Damage Percentage of damage Aceh Selatan 17916 3627 20.2 Aceh Barat Daya 18249 4520 24.7 Aceh Barat 41538 6107 14.7 Aceh Jaya 15529 4159 26.7 Aceh Besar 30915 3574 11.2 Pidie 38302 4023 10.5 Bireuen 20507 1666 8.1 Total 182956 27676 Total (NAD) 336017 28931 Source: Head of Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Provinsi NAD (personal communication, 2005). Disasters caused by tsunami were structurally, physically, chemically and biologically in nature, in respect to agricultural productivity. Top soil analysis (January 2005) of some tsunami-affected soils showed that soils had become saline-sodic, with EC of 4.27-15.18 dS m -1 and ESP of 13-72% (Gani 2005). More over, Rahman (2007) reported that the tsunami mud collected from 3 districts indicated a very high salinity ranged from 3.7 to 48.9 dS/m and salt content from 9,000 to 26,000 ppm. Improper handling of this tsunami mud may contaminate the sub soil through tillage and infiltration, leading to an elevated increase of salt concentration in the sub soil. Further leaching of sodium may potentially contaminate the ground water which eventually be utilized by the community for their daily consumption. From field visit of ACIAR Team on September 2006, it is showed that salinity had decreased considerably. However, it is not only a need to enhance the leaching of both soluble salts and exchangeable sodium and magnesium to reduce their harmful effects, problems on nutrient imbalance after tsunami may be more important (Sembiring and Gani 2007). International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
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1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
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3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
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5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
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7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
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9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
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2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
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4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
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Figure 18. The decision support sys
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Figure 20. Observation perspective
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Figure 23. Five in one information
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21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
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23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
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25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
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27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
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29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
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31 Niino Y − Income generation th
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33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
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35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
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37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
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39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
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CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
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43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
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45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
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47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 64 and 65: 51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOI
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 114 and 115: 101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
Page 116 and 117: 103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
Page 118 and 119: 105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
Page 120 and 121: 107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
Page 122 and 123: 109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
Page 124 and 125: 111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
Page 126 and 127: 113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
Page 128 and 129: 115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
Page 130 and 131: 117 Shea et al. Material support wa
Page 132 and 133: TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
Page 134 and 135: 121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
Page 136 and 137: 123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
Page 138 and 139: 125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 140 and 141: 127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
Page 142 and 143: MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
Page 144 and 145: 131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
Page 146 and 147: 133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
Page 148 and 149: 135 McLeod et al. fields after the
Page 150 and 151: 137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
Page 152 and 153: 139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
Page 154 and 155: 141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
Page 156 and 157: 143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
Page 158 and 159: 145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
Page 160 and 161: 147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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