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THERMAL PROPERTIES k2 = kl - (4, - 92) L A LIT For thermal conductivity measurements, the DSC must have a sample-mounting structure consisting of a common metal plate or heat sink, an insulating block, an aluminum radiation shield, and sample holders. The unknown and reference samples are placed in good thermal contact with the sample holder plate and are sur- rounded by an aluminum radiation shield. An insulating block separates the heat sink and shield. The tops of the samples make thermal contact with a copper heat sink through two circular holes in the insulating block. Thermocouples in the heat sink and sample holders measure the temperature at the sample surfaces. 2.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion. Two procedures were used to measure the coefficient of thermal expansion. That used for large specimens was the Explosive Table 2.02 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Density (g/cm? DATB 1.834 HMX 1.91 NQ 1.65 RDX 1.806 TATB 1.938 Tetryl 1.73 TNT 1.654 TPM 1.75 Thermal Test Temperature or Conductivity Temperature Range (Cal/cm-s-“C) (“0 Method Pure Explosives 6 X lo-’ 1 x 1o-s 1.014 x 1o-3 2.53 X 1O-4 1.3 x 10-s 6.83 x 1O-4 6.22 x 1O-4 5 x lo-’ Castable Mixtures ___ --_ 41 ___ ___ --_ --_ --_ DSC” DSC DSC GHPb GHP GHP GHP GHP Comp B 1.730 5.23 x lo-’ 30-46 GHP Cyclotol 75125 1.760 5.41 x lo-’ 45 GHP HMX-Based PBX 9011 PBX 9404 PBX 9501 PETN-Based XTX 8003 RDX-Based PBX 9010 “Differential scanning calorimeter, bGuarded hot plate method. 218 Plastic-Bonded Explosives 1.772 9.08 x lo-’ 43.4 GHP 1.845 9.2 x lo-’ 46.2 GHP 1.847 1.084 x 1O-s 55 GHP 1.54 3.42 X lo-’ 39.8 GHP 1.875 5.14 x 1o-4 48.8 GHP
THERMAL PROPERTIES American Society for Testing and Materials procedure D696-70, “Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Plastics.” A DuPont Model 900 thermal analyzer equipped with a Model 941 thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) was used for single crystals and small s,pecimens. They are denoted by ASTM and TMA in the following tables. 2.4 Thermal Decomposition Kinetics. The thermal decomposition rate constants of ex.plosives, discussed in detail by R. N. Rogers,3*4 are found using a differential scanning calorimeter at constant temperature. The kinetic constants were determined using a Perkin-Elmer DSC-1B or DSC-2. Samples were sealed in Perkin-Elmer No. 219-0062 aluminum cells perforated by a single O.W:mm-diam hole. Differential and average temperature calibrations of the DSC-1B were checked before the runs. The recorder and the DSC with two empty cells on its supports are set at the test temperature. The sample cell is removed, and the instrument is allowed to equilibrate. The recorder is started, the instrument range switch is set, and the sample is d:ropped onto the support. The sharp break on the record is used to mark zero time. (The absolute position of the zero point on the time axis is unimportant because rate constants are determined from the slope of the In deflection, b, vs time, t, plot.) The DSC. deflection above the base line, b, is directly proportional to the rate of energy evolution or absorption by the sample, dqldt, which is proportional in turn, to the reaction rate daldt. Therefore, ab = pdqldt = daldt = k(1 - a) , (1) where (Y and /3 are proportionality constants and k is the rate constant. Hence, In b = In k/a + ln(1 - a) . (2) For a first-order reaction, -ln(l -- a) = kt + C , (3) where C is a constant. Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and combining constants gives In b = C - kt . Therefore, rate constants for first-order reactions can be obtained directly from a plot of In deflection vs time. This provides the rate constant, k, as a function of temperature, since k is given by where 219
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LOS ALAMOS SERIES ON DYNAMIC MATERI
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University of California Press Berk
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PART II. EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY P
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treats pure explosives first, alpha
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EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVE
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BARATOL 2.3 Shipping.2 Baratol is s
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BARATOL 6 5.4 Thermal Conductivity.
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BARATOL 6.2 Detonation Pressure. We
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BARATOL REFERENCES . . 1. N. I. Sax
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COMP B slowly. Heating and stirring
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COMP B 14 3.3 Solubility.‘The sol
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COMP B 16 5.3 Heat Capacity. Heat C
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COMP B 18 6.2 Detonation Pressure.
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COMP B 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.12J8 Com
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COMP B 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 22
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CYCLOTOL 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1
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CYCLOTOL 26 3.2 Molecular Weight. C
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CYCLOTOL 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See
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CYCLOTOL where D = detonation veloc
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CYCLOTOL 8.3 Skid Test Results. Den
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DATB 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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DATB 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Cry
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DATB 5.4 Thermal Conductivity, Cond
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DATB 7.3 Shock Hugoniot.9 Density k
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HMX* 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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HMX 3.2 Molecular Weight. 296.17 3.
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HMX 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 46 5.1 Ph
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HMX 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6.1 De
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HMX 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.” Density
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NITROGUANIDINE 1. GENERAL PROPERTIE
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NQ 54 4.2 Density.’ Crystal Metho
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NQ 56 5.6 Heats of Combustion and F
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NQ 6.2 Detonation Pressure. There a
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NQ 8. SENSITIVITY 8.1 Drop Weight I
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OCTOL These are shipped to an ordna
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64 OCTOL 3.3 Solubility.6 The solub
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OCTOL 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 66 5.1
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OCTOL 68 6.4 Plate Dent Test Result
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OCTOL 8.3 Skid Test Results. Weight
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PBX 9011 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1
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PBX 9011 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
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PBX 9011 76 5.5 Coefficient of Ther
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PBX 9011 78 6.3 Cylinder Test Resul
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PBX 9011 7.5 Detonation Failure Thi
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PBX 9011 82 9.3 Compressive Strengt
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PBX9404 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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PBX 9404 86 3.2 Molecular Weight. C
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PBX 9404 88 4.3 Infrared Spectrum.
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PBX 9404 > 1 1 o- r 0 I I I, / PYRO
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PBX 9404 7. SHOCK INITIATION PROPER
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PBX 9404 7.5 Detonation Failure Thi
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PBX 9404 8.5 Spark Sensitivity. Ele
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PBX 9404 REFERENCE‘S 1. Committee
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PBX 9407 2.3 Shipping.2 PBX-9407 mo
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PBX 9407 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See
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PBX 9407 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES I
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PBX 9407 106 7.2 Wedge Test Results
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PBX 9407 9.3 Compressive Strength a
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PBX 9501 2.3 Shipping.* PBX-9501mol
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PBX 9501 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 112
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PBX 9501 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6
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PBX 9501 7.3 Shock Hugoniot. Densit
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PBX 9501 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*
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PBX9502 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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PBX 9502 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
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PBX 9502 124 5.3 Heat Capacity. 5.4
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PBX 9502 6.3 Cylinder Test Results.
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PBX 9502 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 1
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PENTAERYTHRITOLTETRANITRATE (PETN)
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PETN 3.2 Molecular Weight. 316.15 3
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PETN 4.4 Refractive Indices.s Omega
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PETN 5.7 Thermal Decomposition Kine
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PETN 138 7.2 Wedge Test Results. De
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, PETN 5. US Army Materiel Command,
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RDX developed into a continuous hig
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RDX 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Crys
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RDX 146 5.2 Vapor Pressure.8 Temper
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RDX 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 148 6.
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RDX 7.3 Shock Hugoniot.” 8. SENSI
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TATB 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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TATB TATB solubility in sulfuric ac
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TATB 5.2 Vapor Pressure.6 A least s
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TATB I / / I I I I I I I ! \ I 1 \
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TATB 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.“+ A num
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TATB REFERENCES 1. T. M Benziger an
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TETRYL acetone. In the second proce
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TETRYL 2.5 100 80 60 % T 40 20 0 :;
Page 176 and 177: TETRYL 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6.1
Page 178 and 179: TETRYL 7.5 Detonation Failure Thick
Page 180 and 181: TNT 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chemi
Page 182 and 183: TNT 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Crys
Page 184 and 185: TNT 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See Fig.
Page 186 and 187: TNT 178 5.5 Coefficient of Thermal
Page 188 and 189: TNT The charge preparation method a
Page 190 and 191: TNT 182 6.4 Plate Dent Test Results
Page 192 and 193: TNT 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.2aJ4 Densit
Page 194 and 195: TNT 9.3 Compressive Strength and Mo
Page 196 and 197: XTX8003 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
Page 198 and 199: XTX 8003 3.3 Solubility.6 The solub
Page 200 and 201: XTX 8003 5.7 Thermal Decomposition
Page 202 and 203: XTX 8003 8. SENSITIVITY 8.1 Drop We
Page 204 and 205: XTX8004 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
Page 206 and 207: XTX 8004 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
Page 208 and 209: XTX 8004 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6
Page 210 and 211: PART II EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY IP
Page 212 and 213: Explosive Alex/20 Alex/30 Amatex/20
Page 214 and 215: Explosive PBX 9007 PBX 9010 PBX 901
Page 216 and 217: Explosive Constituents X-0234-60 X-
Page 218 and 219: Alex/20 Alex/30 Amatexl20 Amatexl30
Page 220 and 221: NQ octo1 PAT0 Explosive PBX 9007 PB
Page 222 and 223: X-0234-60 X-0234-70 X-0234-80 X-028
Page 224 and 225: THERMAL PROPERTIES 2. THERMAL PROPE
Page 228 and 229: Explosive PETN RDX TNT Table 2.03 C
Page 230 and 231: THERMAL PROPERTIES AEE = standard i
Page 232 and 233: THERMAL PROPERTIES Fig. 2.02. Pyrol
Page 234 and 235: ,’ THERMAL PROPERTIES L Y !s :: B
Page 236 and 237: THERMAL PROPERTIES 228 Composition
Page 238 and 239: THERMAL PROPERTIES B Y !3 E E “I
Page 240 and 241: THERMAL PROPERTIES This assembly is
Page 242 and 243: DETONATION PROPERTIES 3. DETONATION
Page 244 and 245: DETONATION PROPERTIES 236 Table 3.0
Page 246 and 247: Shot No. c-4394 E-4672 E-4067 E-406
Page 248 and 249: DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.06 CY
Page 250 and 251: Table 3.08 OCTOL DETONATION VELOCIT
Page 252 and 253: Rate Stick Shot ’ Diameter No. (m
Page 254 and 255: DETONATION PROPERTIES 246 Table 3.1
Page 256 and 257: Shot No. C-4436 E-3621 - Rate Stick
Page 258 and 259: Table 3.15 GENERAL CYLINDER TEST SH
Page 260 and 261: DETONATION PROPERTIES 252 Expansion
Page 262 and 263: Expansion Radius (mm) Table 3.19 X-
Page 264 and 265: N VI UY Table 3.21 X-0285 WALL VELO
Page 266 and 267: DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.25 X-
Page 268 and 269: Explosive Table 3.26 DETONATION (C-
Page 270 and 271: DETONATION PROPERTIES Analysis Line
Page 272 and 273: DETONATION PROPERTIES Explosive Tab
Page 274 and 275: DETONATION PROPERTIES Explosive Tab
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Explosive Tab
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 3.4 Plate Den
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Exnlosive Table 3.46 (continued) De
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Explosive PBX 9501 x-0007 86 HMX/14
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85 RDX/lS Kel-F Explosive 88 RDXI12
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.47 LE
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.48 DE
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES PETN Ba
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Fig. 4.
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES each sh
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SHOCK INITIATION’PROPERTIES Table
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 300 i;
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w R Table 4.04 NITROMETHANE Composi
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 304 Tab
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 306 / D
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 308 2 0
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Table 4.06 (continued) Coordinates
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 312 I-
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 316 05
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Table 4.07 PETN (SINGLE CRYSTAL) Co
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Table 4.08 (continued) Shot Number
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 324 2 u
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Table 4
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 334 2T
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Initial Shock Parameters Table 4.12
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 342 Ini
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3 *a i 8 3 x j > f m e c u,, = (2.3
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 348 Dis
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w ul 0 Composition 95 wt% DATB, 5 w
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 5.5- 5.
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5 Table 4.17 (continued) Coordinate
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 40- 20
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Shot E-3120 3.370 $0.022 E-3131 2.4
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_. Shot Number E-771 E-781 B-4481 B
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 364 2 I
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 366 0.6
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Composi
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Table 4.21 X-0219-50-14-10 Composit
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Composition 95 wt% NQ, 5 wt% Estane
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Shot Number (G?a) E-3245 16.2 5.904
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 380 c x
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w R Table 4.24 (continued) Reduced
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Table 4.25 XTX-8003 (EXTEX) Composi
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 386 a--
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Table 4.27 PBX 9407 Compositon 94 w
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 390 3 g
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Table 4.28 PBX 9405 Cotiposition 93
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 394 c 5
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% OY Table 4.30 x-0250-40-19 Compos
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 398 Dis
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Table 4.32 95 TATB/2.5 Kel-F 800/2.
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Table 4.39 (continued) Coordinates
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z Table 4.44 FKM CLASS VII PROPELLA
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Theoretical Maximum Density >1.910
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Ammonium picrate Raratol(76/24) mix
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HMX-Based PBX 9011 PBX 9404 PBX-950
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 0.360 c
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 432 I I
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Fig. 4.
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Explosi
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES TRANSIT
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 442 FOI
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SENSITIVITY TESTS 5. SENSITIVITY TE
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Ammonium nitrate Ammonium picrate B
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-’ .-- _- ..- _ “. Cyclotol75/2
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Explosive RDX-Based with Metal Fill
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SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.2 Skid Test. Th
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Explosive Comp A-3 1.638 45 PBX 901
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SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.3 Large-Scale D
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SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.4 Spark Sensiti
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GLOSSARY ABH Amatex-20 ATNI BDNPA B
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NP OFHC ONT P-16 P-22 P-40 P-80 P-1
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AUTHOR IND Ablard, J. E. 141, 151 A
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SUBJECT INDEX ABH 461 Alex/20 204,
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pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)
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