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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES TRANSITTIME FREE SVRFACE PINS PINS 4.5 Miscellaneous Tests. Fig. 4.22. Experimental arrangement for initiation by sustained shocks. 4.5.1 Initiation of Detonation by a Sustained Shock. A common way to initiate detonation in an explosive is to transmit a shock wave into it. The shock enters at a velocity less than the explosive’s detonation velocity and travels for a time, t,, before detonation occurs. The detonation would require a different time, tD to travel the same distance. The difference between the detonation and shock travel time is t, - t,,, the excess transit time is t,. It is related inversely to the strength of the input shock. If the shock is produced by hitting the explosive with a flying plate, the shock pressure induced in the explosive is proportional to the plate velocity, and the shock duration is proportional to the plate weight, and hence, thickness. Thus, production of a “sustained” shock requires a “thick” flying plate or flyer. In the test used to produce the data that follow, a plane, square wave-shaped shock was transmitted to the various explosives by an explosive-propelled flyer whose thickness was selected so that the induced shock always lasted longer than the time required to initiate a steady-state detonation. The flyer was propelled by an explosive driver consisting of a 305-mm-diam plane-wave generator, a 50- or 100- mm explosive charge, and an attenuator. After traversing a methane-filled space, the flyer collided with the 25.4-mm-diam by 6.35-mm-high right circular cylinder of explosive. Figure 4.22 shows the experimental setup. The flyer velocity was adjusted by varying the explosive and attenuator. The free- surface velocity of the flyer and the shock transit time through the explosive sample were measured with ionization switches. Premature, ionization-caused, switch dis- charge was prevented by the methane atmosphere, The explosive detonation velocity and thus the detonation transit time, t,, is known from other experiments. The difference between the measured time and tD is the excess transit time t,. The free-surface velocity of the flyer has been correlated with t,, t, has been correlated with the free-surface velocity of the flyer, and functions have been found. 4.5.2 Initiation of Detonation by Short-Duration Shocks. Short-duration shocks in the test explosives were produced by striking them with a thin flying foil. The thin foils were driven from the surface of a material of higher impedance by shocking it with an explosive driver. Figure 4.23 shows the experimental setup. The shock duration was adjusted by varying the foil thickness, and the free-surface velocity was adjusted by varying the explosive driver. The thin foils flew through vacuum (lo-mm Hg) and struck the 25.4-mm-diam by 6.35-mm-thick test explosives. Transit times through the test explosives and free-surface velocities of the foils were determined using ionization switches. The unreduced data from all of the experiments are given in Table 4.61. 440
Explosive Table 4.60 INITIATION OF DETONATION BY A SUSTAINED SHOCK Assumed Detonation Number of Least Squares Fit Density Velocity Observa- Experimental Data (g/cm9 (mm/d Flyer tions Log t, = ___- Pure Explosives Valid U,, Range (mdm) Tetryl _-- 7.453 2024 Al 21 (2.30 f 0.07.) - (3.30 f 0.24) log Up, 1.00-3.34 Castable .Explosives Comp B 1.715 f 0.003 8.00 2024 Al -__ (3.14 f 0.03) - (3.08 f 0.09) log u,, 1.06-3.31 Comp B-3 1.726 f 0.002 Cyclotol 75/25 1.755 f 0.003 Cyclotol 75/25 1.755 f 0.002 octo1 75125 1.815 octo1 75125 1.815 f 0.001 EDC-1 1.770 f 0.010 EDC-1 1.790 It 0.005 7.95 2024 Al 32 (2.89 * 0.02) - (3.33 f 0.07) log LJ,, 1.07-2.85 8.3 2024 Al 117 (3.20 f 0.02) - (2.98 f 0.07) log Up, 1.17-3.37 8.30 Mild steel 12 (3.35 f 0.08) - (4.40 f 0.23) log U,, 1.72-2.73 8.475 2024 Al 17 (3.00 f 0.01) - (2.80 zt 0.04) log u,, 1.17-2.82 8.475 8.310 8.380 Mild steel 15 (2.71 f 0.01) - (2.64 f 0.05) log U, 2024 Al 15 (3.02 Z!T 0.02) - (2.69 f 0.06) log U,, 2024 Al 15 (3.10 f 0.02) - (2.86 f 0.08) log Uf, Plastic-Bonded Explosives PBX 9010 1.781 f 0.004 8.33 2024 Al 33 (2.82’& 0.02) - (3.38 f 0.09) log ur, PBX 9011 1.764 f 0.001 8.50 2024 Al 21 (2.89 * 0.01) - (3.09 f 0.04) log Uf, PBX 9404 1.789 f 0.002 8.650 2024 Al 9 (2.63 f 0.01) - (2.68 f 0.03) log U,, PBX 9404 1.821 f 0.002 8.720 2024 Al 6 (2.63 f 0.02) - (2.79 f 0.24) log U,, PBX 9404 1.844 8.80 2024 Al 43 (2.77 k 0.01) - (2.99 f 0.04) log Uf, PBX 9404 1.843 f 0.001 8.80 Magnesium 18 (3.00 f 0.01) - (2.92 f 0.03) log Uf, PBX 9404 1.843 f 0.001 8.80 Mild steel ,21. (2.43 f 0.02) - (3.27 i 0.12) log [Jr8 PBX 9404” Variable Variable Mild steel 12. (2.06 f 0.09) + (1.70 f 0.37) logp, % ---------- C-L aThe effect shown is that of the explosive initial density on the excess transit time, where the steel flyer U,, = 1.23 mm/MS. 1.02-2.03 1.19-2.86 1.19-2.84 1.01-3.06 1.13-2.29 0.99-1.50 1.00-1.50 0.68-3.10 1.17-2.92 0.65-1.90 1.584-1.837
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LOS ALAMOS SERIES ON DYNAMIC MATERI
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University of California Press Berk
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PART II. EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY P
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treats pure explosives first, alpha
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EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVE
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BARATOL 2.3 Shipping.2 Baratol is s
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BARATOL 6 5.4 Thermal Conductivity.
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BARATOL 6.2 Detonation Pressure. We
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BARATOL REFERENCES . . 1. N. I. Sax
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COMP B slowly. Heating and stirring
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COMP B 14 3.3 Solubility.‘The sol
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COMP B 16 5.3 Heat Capacity. Heat C
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COMP B 18 6.2 Detonation Pressure.
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COMP B 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.12J8 Com
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COMP B 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 22
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CYCLOTOL 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1
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CYCLOTOL 26 3.2 Molecular Weight. C
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CYCLOTOL 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See
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CYCLOTOL where D = detonation veloc
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CYCLOTOL 8.3 Skid Test Results. Den
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DATB 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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DATB 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Cry
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DATB 5.4 Thermal Conductivity, Cond
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DATB 7.3 Shock Hugoniot.9 Density k
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HMX* 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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HMX 3.2 Molecular Weight. 296.17 3.
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HMX 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 46 5.1 Ph
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HMX 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6.1 De
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HMX 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.” Density
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NITROGUANIDINE 1. GENERAL PROPERTIE
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NQ 54 4.2 Density.’ Crystal Metho
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NQ 56 5.6 Heats of Combustion and F
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NQ 6.2 Detonation Pressure. There a
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NQ 8. SENSITIVITY 8.1 Drop Weight I
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OCTOL These are shipped to an ordna
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64 OCTOL 3.3 Solubility.6 The solub
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OCTOL 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 66 5.1
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OCTOL 68 6.4 Plate Dent Test Result
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OCTOL 8.3 Skid Test Results. Weight
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PBX 9011 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1
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PBX 9011 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
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PBX 9011 76 5.5 Coefficient of Ther
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PBX 9011 78 6.3 Cylinder Test Resul
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PBX 9011 7.5 Detonation Failure Thi
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PBX 9011 82 9.3 Compressive Strengt
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PBX9404 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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PBX 9404 86 3.2 Molecular Weight. C
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PBX 9404 88 4.3 Infrared Spectrum.
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PBX 9404 > 1 1 o- r 0 I I I, / PYRO
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PBX 9404 7. SHOCK INITIATION PROPER
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PBX 9404 7.5 Detonation Failure Thi
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PBX 9404 8.5 Spark Sensitivity. Ele
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PBX 9404 REFERENCE‘S 1. Committee
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PBX 9407 2.3 Shipping.2 PBX-9407 mo
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PBX 9407 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See
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PBX 9407 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES I
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PBX 9407 106 7.2 Wedge Test Results
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PBX 9407 9.3 Compressive Strength a
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PBX 9501 2.3 Shipping.* PBX-9501mol
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PBX 9501 5. THERMAL PROPERTIES 112
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PBX 9501 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6
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PBX 9501 7.3 Shock Hugoniot. Densit
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PBX 9501 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*
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PBX9502 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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PBX 9502 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
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PBX 9502 124 5.3 Heat Capacity. 5.4
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PBX 9502 6.3 Cylinder Test Results.
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PBX 9502 9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 1
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PENTAERYTHRITOLTETRANITRATE (PETN)
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PETN 3.2 Molecular Weight. 316.15 3
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PETN 4.4 Refractive Indices.s Omega
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PETN 5.7 Thermal Decomposition Kine
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PETN 138 7.2 Wedge Test Results. De
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, PETN 5. US Army Materiel Command,
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RDX developed into a continuous hig
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RDX 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Crys
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RDX 146 5.2 Vapor Pressure.8 Temper
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RDX 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 148 6.
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RDX 7.3 Shock Hugoniot.” 8. SENSI
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TATB 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chem
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TATB TATB solubility in sulfuric ac
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TATB 5.2 Vapor Pressure.6 A least s
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TATB I / / I I I I I I I ! \ I 1 \
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TATB 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.“+ A num
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TATB REFERENCES 1. T. M Benziger an
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TETRYL acetone. In the second proce
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TETRYL 2.5 100 80 60 % T 40 20 0 :;
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TETRYL 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6.1
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TETRYL 7.5 Detonation Failure Thick
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TNT 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chemi
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TNT 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 Crys
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TNT 4.3 Infrared Spectrum. See Fig.
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TNT 178 5.5 Coefficient of Thermal
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TNT The charge preparation method a
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TNT 182 6.4 Plate Dent Test Results
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TNT 7.3 Shock Hugoniots.2aJ4 Densit
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TNT 9.3 Compressive Strength and Mo
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XTX8003 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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XTX 8003 3.3 Solubility.6 The solub
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XTX 8003 5.7 Thermal Decomposition
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XTX 8003 8. SENSITIVITY 8.1 Drop We
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XTX8004 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 C
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XTX 8004 3.3 Solubility. The solubi
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XTX 8004 6. DETONATION PROPERTIES 6
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PART II EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY IP
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Explosive Alex/20 Alex/30 Amatex/20
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Explosive PBX 9007 PBX 9010 PBX 901
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Explosive Constituents X-0234-60 X-
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Alex/20 Alex/30 Amatexl20 Amatexl30
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NQ octo1 PAT0 Explosive PBX 9007 PB
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X-0234-60 X-0234-70 X-0234-80 X-028
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THERMAL PROPERTIES 2. THERMAL PROPE
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THERMAL PROPERTIES k2 = kl - (4, -
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Explosive PETN RDX TNT Table 2.03 C
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THERMAL PROPERTIES AEE = standard i
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THERMAL PROPERTIES Fig. 2.02. Pyrol
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,’ THERMAL PROPERTIES L Y !s :: B
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THERMAL PROPERTIES 228 Composition
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THERMAL PROPERTIES B Y !3 E E “I
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THERMAL PROPERTIES This assembly is
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 3. DETONATION
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 236 Table 3.0
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Shot No. c-4394 E-4672 E-4067 E-406
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.06 CY
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Table 3.08 OCTOL DETONATION VELOCIT
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Rate Stick Shot ’ Diameter No. (m
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 246 Table 3.1
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Shot No. C-4436 E-3621 - Rate Stick
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Table 3.15 GENERAL CYLINDER TEST SH
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 252 Expansion
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Expansion Radius (mm) Table 3.19 X-
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N VI UY Table 3.21 X-0285 WALL VELO
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.25 X-
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Explosive Table 3.26 DETONATION (C-
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Analysis Line
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Explosive Tab
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DETONATION PROPERTIES 3.4 Plate Den
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Exnlosive Table 3.46 (continued) De
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Explosive PBX 9501 x-0007 86 HMX/14
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85 RDX/lS Kel-F Explosive 88 RDXI12
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.47 LE
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DETONATION PROPERTIES Table 3.48 DE
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES PETN Ba
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Fig. 4.
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES each sh
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SHOCK INITIATION’PROPERTIES Table
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 300 i;
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w R Table 4.04 NITROMETHANE Composi
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 304 Tab
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 306 / D
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 308 2 0
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Table 4.06 (continued) Coordinates
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 312 I-
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 316 05
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Table 4.07 PETN (SINGLE CRYSTAL) Co
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Table 4.08 (continued) Shot Number
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 324 2 u
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Table 4
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 334 2T
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Initial Shock Parameters Table 4.12
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 342 Ini
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3 *a i 8 3 x j > f m e c u,, = (2.3
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 348 Dis
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w ul 0 Composition 95 wt% DATB, 5 w
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 5.5- 5.
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5 Table 4.17 (continued) Coordinate
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 40- 20
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Shot E-3120 3.370 $0.022 E-3131 2.4
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_. Shot Number E-771 E-781 B-4481 B
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 364 2 I
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 366 0.6
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Composi
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Table 4.21 X-0219-50-14-10 Composit
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Composition 95 wt% NQ, 5 wt% Estane
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Shot Number (G?a) E-3245 16.2 5.904
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 380 c x
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w R Table 4.24 (continued) Reduced
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Table 4.25 XTX-8003 (EXTEX) Composi
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SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 386 a--
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Table 4.27 PBX 9407 Compositon 94 w
Page 398 and 399: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 390 3 g
Page 400 and 401: Table 4.28 PBX 9405 Cotiposition 93
Page 402 and 403: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 394 c 5
Page 404 and 405: % OY Table 4.30 x-0250-40-19 Compos
Page 406 and 407: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 398 Dis
Page 408 and 409: Table 4.32 95 TATB/2.5 Kel-F 800/2.
Page 410 and 411: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 402 Tab
Page 416 and 417: Table 4.39 (continued) Coordinates
Page 418 and 419: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Table 4
Page 422 and 423: z Table 4.44 FKM CLASS VII PROPELLA
Page 428 and 429: Theoretical Maximum Density >1.910
Page 434 and 435: Ammonium picrate Raratol(76/24) mix
Page 436 and 437: HMX-Based PBX 9011 PBX 9404 PBX-950
Page 438 and 439: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 0.360 c
Page 440 and 441: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 432 I I
Page 442 and 443: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Fig. 4.
Page 444 and 445: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES Explosi
Page 450 and 451: SHOCK INITIATION PROPERTIES 442 FOI
Page 454 and 455: SENSITIVITY TESTS 5. SENSITIVITY TE
Page 456 and 457: Ammonium nitrate Ammonium picrate B
Page 458 and 459: -’ .-- _- ..- _ “. Cyclotol75/2
Page 460 and 461: Explosive RDX-Based with Metal Fill
Page 462 and 463: SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.2 Skid Test. Th
Page 464 and 465: Explosive Comp A-3 1.638 45 PBX 901
Page 466 and 467: SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.3 Large-Scale D
Page 468 and 469: SENSITIVITY TESTS 5.4 Spark Sensiti
Page 470 and 471: GLOSSARY ABH Amatex-20 ATNI BDNPA B
Page 472 and 473: NP OFHC ONT P-16 P-22 P-40 P-80 P-1
Page 474 and 475: AUTHOR IND Ablard, J. E. 141, 151 A
Page 476 and 477: SUBJECT INDEX ABH 461 Alex/20 204,
Page 478 and 479: pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)
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