5. Public Reporting as a Quality Improvement Strategy

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Table G1. Quality assessment criteria for quantitative studies (continued) Author Year Adequate Randomization (for RCTs) or appropriateness of the comparison groups or time periods? How similar are groups at baseline or how well did the analysis control for differences? How well does the design or analyses account for important potential confounding? G-3 How well does the study rule out any impact from an unintended exposure or a concurrent intervention or that might bias results? How well are all potential outcomes prespecified and are the prespecified outcomes reported? How well are primary outcomes assessed? Were valid and reliable measures used and implemented consistently across all study participants/ groups? Individual Clinicians Bundorf 46 2009 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Epstein 47 2010 Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Good Fair Glance 48 2008 Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Hannan 21 1994 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Jha 29 2006 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Mukamel 49 2002 Good Unclear Fair Good Good Good Fair Mukamel 50 2000 NA Fair Poor Good Good Good Fair Mukamel 33 1998 Good Good Poor Good Good Good Fair Mukamel 51 2004 Good Fair Good Good Good Good Good Ranganathan 52 2009 Unclear NR Fair Good Good Good Fair Wang 43 2011 Good Fair Good Good Good Good Good Werner 53 2005 Good Good Good Fair Good Good Good Health Plans Abraham 54 2006 Good Poor Fair Good Fair Good Poor Bardenheier 55 2007 Good Fair Fair Fair Good Good Fair Beaulieu 56 2002 Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Bost 57 2001 Fair Poor Poor Good Good Good Poor Chernew 58 2004 Fair NA Fair Fair Good Good Fair Chernew 59 1998 NA Good Good Good Good Good Fair Dafney 60 2008 Fair Good Fair Good Good Fair Fair Farley 61 2002 Fair Good Good Good Good Good Good Farley 62 2002 Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Good Fowles 63 2000 Poor Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Fox 64 2001 Poor Poor Fair Poor Good Good Poor Haberman 65 2007 Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Hedricks 66 2009 Good Fair Poor Poor Good Good Poor Overall QA
Table G1. Quality assessment criteria for quantitative studies (continued) Author Year Adequate Randomization (for RCTs) or appropriateness of the comparison groups or time periods? How similar are groups at baseline or how well did the analysis control for differences? How well does the design or analyses account for important potential confounding? G-4 How well does the study rule out any impact from an unintended exposure or a concurrent intervention or that might bias results? How well are all potential outcomes prespecified and are the prespecified outcomes reported? How well are primary outcomes assessed? Were valid and reliable measures used and implemented consistently across all study participants/ groups? Jin 67 2006 Fair Good Good Good Good Good Good Jung 68 2010 Fair Good Fair Good Good Good Good Knutson 69 1998 Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Lied 70 2001 Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Liu 71 2009 Good Fair Fair Fair Good Good Fair McCormack 72 2001 Fair Good Fair Good Fair Fair Fair Pham 73 2002 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Scanlo 74 2002 Good Good Fair Good Good Good Good Scanlon 75 1999 NA Good Fair Fair Good Good Fair Tai-Seale 76 2004 Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Wedig 77 2020 Good Good Fair Fair Good Good Fair Long-term Care Cai 78 2010 Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Castle 79 2007 Fair Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Castle 80 2008 Fair Good Good NR Good Good Fair Castle 81 2010 Fair Good Good NA Good Good Fair Gaudet 82 2011 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Grabowski 83 2011 Good Good Fair Good Good Good Good Konetza 84 2012 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Jung 85 2010 Fair Fair Good NA Good Good Fair Mukamel 86 2008 Good Good Fair Good Good Good Good Mukamel 87 2009 Good NR Fair Good Good good Fair Mukamel 88 2010 Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Park 89 2010 Good Good Good Fair Good Good Good Park 90 2010 Fair Good Good Good Good Good Good Stevenson 91 2006 Good Fair Fair Good Good Poor Poor Werner 92 2009 Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Overall QA
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Evidence Report/Technology Assessme
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This report is based on research co
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Acknowledgments We would like to ac
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Public Reporting as a Quality Impro
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Tables Table A. Summary Evidence Ta
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and using reports and other decisio
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• Outcomes (specified for each Ke
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Methods A Technical Expert Panel fo
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setting), and the strength of the b
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Table A. Summary evidence table: ef
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was at the time the included studie
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6. Hibbard JH, Sofaer S. Best Pract
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access to essential information and
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providers, for purposes of this rev
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information and reduces comprehensi
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Methods Topic Nomination and Develo
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Table 1. Public reporting concepts
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• The public reporting was only a
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• Key Question 2. Harms included
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were retained, but they were not as
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Data Extraction Following full text
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Data Synthesis We separated studies
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Results Organization The results of
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Overview of Effectiveness of Public
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Access restrictions. It was unclear
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o The results of two studies sugges
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Key Question 5 What characteristics
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Long-term care • Studies that exa
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Harms (Key Question 2) • Two 52,6
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eport known as QualityCounts was pr
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Table 1. Study findings: hospital c
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o One study found that patients tre
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condition found declines for CHF (7
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developed (HCAHPS) and public repor
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Key Question 6. Context Two studies
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• Survey responses of hospitals i
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activity would influence hospital c
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Lab-Type Experiments The two articl
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Table 3. Summary of evidence: publi
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Individual Clinicians and Outpatien
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public reports influenced the contr
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New York State to trends in other S
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One study evaluated use of a Web si
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Patients. Patient reactions to publ
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Table 4. Summary of evidence: quali
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Table 4. Summary of evidence: Quali
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Health Plans Rating and reporting o
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The public reporting intervention i
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that included adjustment for severa
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Key Question 6. Context Five studie
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about patient-physician relationshi
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CAHPS results. Credibility of the r
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Long-Term Care Services Prior syste
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o Improvement in one QM (influenza
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studies that examined change and tr
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Table 6. Study findings: change in
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ehospitalizations for these patient
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improvements in the pain measure we
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Werner et al. 107 2012 included ext
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Table 7. Summary of evidence: long-
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Figure 3. Number of included quanti
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suggests the possibility that addit
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Table 8. Summary evidence table: Ef
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literature sources that we were abl
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of public reports have a wide range
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approaches to reducing bias in heal
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21. Young G. Multistakeholder regio
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60. Castle NG, Liu D, Engberg J. Th
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99. Knutson DJ, Kind EA, Fowles JB,
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141. Schneider EC, Epstein AM. Infl
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181. Scanlo DP, Chernew M, McLaughl
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222. Ketelaar NA, Faber MJ, Flottor
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Appendix A. Literature Search Datab
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CINAHL EBSCO Plus with Full Text Da
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EMBASE - Elsevier (1973-present) Da
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Public Affairs Information Service
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Full Text Review Include: Based on
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Appendix C. Included and Excluded S
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29. Castle NG, Sonon K, Antonova J.
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58. Gabel JR. When employers choose
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86. Hibbard JH, Peters E, Dixon A,
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117. Marshall M, Noble J, Davies H,
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145. Pettijohn TL, Lawrence ME. The
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174. Spranca MD, Elliott MN, Shaw R
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6. NCQA releases HEDIS 2.0 standard
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40. Pacific Business Group on Healt
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74. The effect of report cards on M
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110. MGMA addresses accuracy concer
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137. Applebaum R, Kunkel S, Wilson
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165. Barkauskas VH, Pohl JM, Benker
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193. Bindman AB, Wholey DR, Christi
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219. Bratzler DW. Development of na
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247. Caldwell B. Employers use perf
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275. Centre for R, Dissemination. P
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301. Chesanow N. Managed care 1999.
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329. Commonwealth Fund. Commission
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358. Daly JM, Jogerst GJ. Associati
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386. DeLiberty RN. Developing a pub
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412. Doty MM, Koren MJ, Sturla EL,
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439. Elliott MN, Beckett MK, Kanous
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467. Feeley TW, Fly HS, Albright H,
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494. French J. 2003 E.I. Hood Award
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522. Ginsburg PB, Kemper, N. M. Hea
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551. Graham JD. Is reporting of qua
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581. Gruber T, Rudnitsky B. Can we
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608. Hardingham L. Informed decisio
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633. Heidenreich PA, Lewis WR, LaBr
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660. Hodgson ES, Simpson L, Lannon
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689. Izakovic M. New trends in the
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718. Kakkar A, Jacobson BC. Interne
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747. Ketelaar N, Faber M, Flottorp
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772. . Importance of stratification
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800. Leonardi MJ, McGory ML, Ko CY.
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827. Livingston EH. Bariatric surge
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856. Mantone J. Massachusetts site
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882. Mazza G, Fazzi B. Five good re
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907. McKibben L, Horan T, Tokars JI
Page 261 and 262: 935. Miller R, Lazar J. Public repo
Page 263 and 264: 963. Morrison K. The road to JCAHO
Page 265 and 266: 989. National Committee for Quality
Page 267 and 268: 1017. O’Malley C. Quality measure
Page 269 and 270: 1045. Peabody J. Why we love qualit
Page 271 and 272: 1073. Qaseem A, Snow V, Gosfield A,
Page 273 and 274: 1100. Robinowitz DL, Dudley RA. Pub
Page 275 and 276: 1129. Roski J, Kim MG. Current effo
Page 277 and 278: 1156. Sangl JA, Wolf LF. Role of co
Page 279 and 280: 1183. Schull MJ, Guttmann A, Leaver
Page 281 and 282: 1212. Shea JA, Guerra CE, Weiner J,
Page 283 and 284: 1238. Simpson AG, DeGuzman PB, Barb
Page 285 and 286: 1264. Sofaer S. What information do
Page 287 and 288: 1292. Stewart DW, Hickson GB, Pechm
Page 289 and 290: 1320. Tjia J, Field TS, Fischer SH,
Page 291 and 292: 1346. Van Beek K, Duchemin S, Gersh
Page 293 and 294: 1374. Weingarten JP, Jr., Fan W, Pe
Page 295 and 296: 1401. Wiljer D, Bogomilsky S, Catto
Page 297 and 298: 1426. Zaslavsky AM, Shaul JA, Zabor
Page 299 and 300: Appendix E. Description of Public R
Page 301 and 302: Table E1. Descriptive information a
Page 303 and 304: Table E1. Descriptive information a
Page 305 and 306: Appendix F. Method for Quality Asse
Page 307 and 308: the time periods actually prior to
Page 309 and 310: Application to Public Reporting Thi
Page 311: Table G1. Quality assessment criter
Page 315 and 316: Section A Appendix H. Hospitals: Qu
Page 317 and 318: Table H1. Hospital quantitative stu
Page 343 and 344: Section B Table H2. C Hospital quan
Page 345 and 346: Author, Year (QA) Baker 2003 4 (Fai
Page 347 and 348: Author, Year (QA) Clough 2002 10 (F
Page 349 and 350: Author, Year (QA) Dranove 2003 13 (
Page 351 and 352: Author, Year (QA) Foreman 1995 16 (
Page 353 and 354: Author, Year (QA) Guru 2006 19 (Fai
Page 355 and 356: Author, Year (QA) Hibbard 2003 24 (
Page 357 and 358: Author, Year (QA) Jang 2011 28 (Fai
Page 359 and 360: Author, Year (QA) Mennemeyer 1997 3
Page 361 and 362: Author, Year (QA) Omoigui 1996 34 (
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Author, Year (QA) Pope 2009 36 (Fai
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Author, Year (QA) 9. Context: Decis
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Author, Year (QA) Vladeck 1988 42 (
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Author, Year (QA) Wuebker, 2008 45
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Table H3. Hospital quantitative stu
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Table I1. Hospital qualitative stud
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Section B Table I2. Hospital qualit
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Author, Year 10. KQ3:Results 11. KQ
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Author, Year 10. KQ3:Results design
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Author, 15. Funder of Research/ Yea
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Regarding the least useful aspects,
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Section A Appendix J. Individual Pr
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Author Year (QA) Hannan 1994 21 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Mukamel 1998 33 (F
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Author Year (QA) Werner 53 2005 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Glance 2008 48 (Fa
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Author Year (QA) Hannan 1994 21 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Results: KQ1: (Hea
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Author Year (QA) Ranganathan 2009 5
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Author Year (QA) Werner 2005 53 (Go
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Author Year Barr 2008 144 1. Study
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Author Year Casalino 2007 146 1. St
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Author Year Fanjiang 2007 150 1. St
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Author Year Friedber g 2010 151 1.
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose and/or
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Author Year Longo 2003 119 1. Study
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Author Year Marshall 2006 154 Mayth
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose and/or
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Author Year Schneid er 1996 138 Con
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Author Year Schultz 2001 158 Stein
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Author Year QA Beaulieu 2002 56 Fai
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Author Year QA Chernew 2004 58 Fair
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Author Year QA Farley 2002 62 Good
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Author Year QA Hendricks 2009 66 Po
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Author Year QA 1. Study Purpose and
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Author Year QA Beaulieu 2002 56 Fai
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Author Year QA Chernew 2004 58 Fair
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Author Year QA 11. Results: KQ1: (H
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Author Year QA Farely 2002 62 Good
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Author Year QA Fowles 2000 63 Good
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Author Year QA Jung 2010 68 Good Kn
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Author Year QA 11. Results: KQ1: (H
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Author Year QA Pham 2002 73 Good 11
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Author Year QA Tae-Seale 2004 76 Fa
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Appendix M. Health Plans: Qualitati
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Author Year Farley-Short 2002 162 1
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Author Year Gabel 1998 163 1. Study
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Author Year Gibbs 1996 164 1. Study
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose 2. Geo
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Author Year Harris- Koejetin 2000 1
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Author Year Hibbard 1997 171 1. Stu
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Author Year Hibbard 2001 178 Hibbar
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Author Year Paulsbo 2007 183 Peters
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Author Year Rosenthal 2007 186 1. S
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Author Year Scanlon 2001 188 1. Stu
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Author Year Spranca 2000 190 1. Stu
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Author Year Teleki 2007 192 1. Stud
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Author Year Uhrig 2006 194 1. Study
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Section A Appendix N. Long-Term Car
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Author Year Jung 2010 85 Konetzka 2
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Author Year Werner 2009a 92 Werner
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Author Year Zinn 2010 99 1. Study P
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Author Year Castle 2007 79 Cont. 11
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Author Year Castle 2010 81 11. Resu
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Author Year Jung 2010 85 11. Result
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Author Year Mukamel 2008 86 Mukamel
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Author Year Park 2011 b 90 11. Resu
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Author Year Werner 2009 b 93 11. Re
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Author Year Werner 2010 94 Werner 2
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Author Year Zinn 2005 97 11. Result
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Author Year Zinn 2010 99 11. Result
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Appendix O. Long-Term Care: Qualita
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Author Year Castle 2005 197 1. Stud
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Author Year Gerteis 2007 198 1. Stu
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References 1. AHRQ. Methods Guide f
Page 637 and 638:
36. Pope DG. Reacting to rankings:
Page 639 and 640:
77. Wedig GJ, Tai-Seale M. The effe
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118. Laschober M, Maxfield M, Felt-
Page 643 and 644:
157. Pettijohn TL, Lawrence ME. The
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198. Gerteis M, Gerteis JS, Newman
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