5. Public Reporting as a Quality Improvement Strategy

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Table H1. Hospital quantitative studies: columns 1-8 of 18 (pages H-1 to H-18) (continued) 1. Study Purpose 7. Public Report Name 8. Context: Author, Year and/or a priori 2. Geographic 3. Study 4. Sample/ 5. Primary and Environment (QA) Hypothesis: Location design Population Comparison 6. Outcomes Description* Characteristics Peterson 1998 35 To examine the effects of provider New York Interrupted Time Series All Medicare patients age 2 yrs Pre-public reporting: 1987-89 1. Percentage of patients going out- NY CSRS None (Good) profiling on bypass >=65 yrs who 2 yrs Post-public of-state for bypass surgery access and underwent reporting: 1990-92 surgery outcomes in elderly bypass surgery 2. Use of bypass patients in New between 1987 surgery following a York and 1992 in a MI had declined in US hospital. NY’s elderly since n=39,396 in NY the initiation of Hospitals report cards n=662,675 in 3. Whether bypass non-NY (US) surgery outcomes were improving more rapidly in NY that in the rest of the nation. Pope 2009 36 Estimate the effect of the US News CA and rest of USA Time Series Post Test All hospitalized Medicare Comparing the USNWR ranking by Number of patients (volume) USNWR has Specialty and None (Fair) and World Only patients in specialty starting in and revenue Hospital-level Report hospital California 1993 to 1994-2002 in generated from data rankings on both (1998–2004) rest of the country patients. patient volume and and a sample of and 1998 to 2004 in hospital revenues. other hospitals around the country (1994– 2002) N=446 California. Romano 2004 37 To determine whether hospitals New York and California Times Series Post Only Outlier hospitals Pre: monthly volume in New York and prior to report for Volume: total CHOP (CA) number of patients and CSRS Both states require public reporting (Good) recognized as California NY each specific hospital with a topic (NY) performance using CSRS Post: monthly volume condition or outliers (either report from for each specific procedure, or lower or higher December 1992, hospital up to a year related condition than expected) December 1993, later or procedure, who experience volume and June were admitted to a changes after 1995CA using specific hospital in publication of a CHOP report a specific calendar report card. from December 1993 and from month. H1: Hospitals with May 1996 CA Hospitals lower-than- volume by: H-20
Table H1. Hospital quantitative studies: columns 1-8 of 18 (pages H-1 to H-18) (continued) Author, Year (QA) 1. Study Purpose and/or a priori Hypothesis: expected mortality or complication rates experience significant volume increases, and hospitals with higher-thanexpected mortality or complication rates experience significant volume decreases in the year after publication of a report card. H2: Hospitals with lower-thanexpected mortality or complication rates attract more patients from long distances, or from outside their usual catchment areas, after a report is published. Labeled as “bypass effect,” and vice versa for higher-thanexpected hospitals. 2. Geographic Location 3. Study design 4. Sample/ Population 5. Primary Comparison 6. Outcomes AMI, AMI-related procedures (CABG, Percutaneous coronary angioplasty, congestive heart failure), Cervical Diskectomy, Lumbar Diskectomy, Diskectomyrelated (Back or neck procedures, Medical back problems, Knee arthroplasty, Hip arthroplasty) H-21 NY Hospitals monthly volume by: CABG CABG-related procedures (AMI, Percutaneous coronary angioplasty, Congestive heart failure) 7. Public Report Name and Description* 8. Context: Environment Characteristics
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Evidence Report/Technology Assessme
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This report is based on research co
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Acknowledgments We would like to ac
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Public Reporting as a Quality Impro
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Tables Table A. Summary Evidence Ta
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and using reports and other decisio
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• Outcomes (specified for each Ke
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Methods A Technical Expert Panel fo
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setting), and the strength of the b
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Table A. Summary evidence table: ef
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was at the time the included studie
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6. Hibbard JH, Sofaer S. Best Pract
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access to essential information and
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providers, for purposes of this rev
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information and reduces comprehensi
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Methods Topic Nomination and Develo
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Table 1. Public reporting concepts
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• The public reporting was only a
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• Key Question 2. Harms included
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were retained, but they were not as
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Data Extraction Following full text
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Data Synthesis We separated studies
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Results Organization The results of
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Overview of Effectiveness of Public
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Access restrictions. It was unclear
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o The results of two studies sugges
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Key Question 5 What characteristics
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Long-term care • Studies that exa
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Harms (Key Question 2) • Two 52,6
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eport known as QualityCounts was pr
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Table 1. Study findings: hospital c
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o One study found that patients tre
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condition found declines for CHF (7
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developed (HCAHPS) and public repor
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Key Question 6. Context Two studies
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• Survey responses of hospitals i
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activity would influence hospital c
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Lab-Type Experiments The two articl
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Table 3. Summary of evidence: publi
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Individual Clinicians and Outpatien
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public reports influenced the contr
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New York State to trends in other S
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One study evaluated use of a Web si
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Patients. Patient reactions to publ
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Table 4. Summary of evidence: quali
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Table 4. Summary of evidence: Quali
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Health Plans Rating and reporting o
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The public reporting intervention i
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that included adjustment for severa
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Key Question 6. Context Five studie
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about patient-physician relationshi
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CAHPS results. Credibility of the r
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Long-Term Care Services Prior syste
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o Improvement in one QM (influenza
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studies that examined change and tr
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Table 6. Study findings: change in
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ehospitalizations for these patient
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improvements in the pain measure we
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Werner et al. 107 2012 included ext
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Table 7. Summary of evidence: long-
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Figure 3. Number of included quanti
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suggests the possibility that addit
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Table 8. Summary evidence table: Ef
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literature sources that we were abl
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of public reports have a wide range
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approaches to reducing bias in heal
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21. Young G. Multistakeholder regio
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60. Castle NG, Liu D, Engberg J. Th
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99. Knutson DJ, Kind EA, Fowles JB,
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141. Schneider EC, Epstein AM. Infl
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181. Scanlo DP, Chernew M, McLaughl
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222. Ketelaar NA, Faber MJ, Flottor
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Appendix A. Literature Search Datab
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CINAHL EBSCO Plus with Full Text Da
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EMBASE - Elsevier (1973-present) Da
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Public Affairs Information Service
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Full Text Review Include: Based on
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Appendix C. Included and Excluded S
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29. Castle NG, Sonon K, Antonova J.
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58. Gabel JR. When employers choose
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86. Hibbard JH, Peters E, Dixon A,
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117. Marshall M, Noble J, Davies H,
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145. Pettijohn TL, Lawrence ME. The
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174. Spranca MD, Elliott MN, Shaw R
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6. NCQA releases HEDIS 2.0 standard
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40. Pacific Business Group on Healt
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74. The effect of report cards on M
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110. MGMA addresses accuracy concer
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137. Applebaum R, Kunkel S, Wilson
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165. Barkauskas VH, Pohl JM, Benker
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193. Bindman AB, Wholey DR, Christi
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219. Bratzler DW. Development of na
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247. Caldwell B. Employers use perf
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275. Centre for R, Dissemination. P
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301. Chesanow N. Managed care 1999.
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329. Commonwealth Fund. Commission
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358. Daly JM, Jogerst GJ. Associati
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386. DeLiberty RN. Developing a pub
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412. Doty MM, Koren MJ, Sturla EL,
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439. Elliott MN, Beckett MK, Kanous
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467. Feeley TW, Fly HS, Albright H,
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494. French J. 2003 E.I. Hood Award
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522. Ginsburg PB, Kemper, N. M. Hea
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551. Graham JD. Is reporting of qua
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581. Gruber T, Rudnitsky B. Can we
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608. Hardingham L. Informed decisio
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633. Heidenreich PA, Lewis WR, LaBr
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660. Hodgson ES, Simpson L, Lannon
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689. Izakovic M. New trends in the
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718. Kakkar A, Jacobson BC. Interne
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747. Ketelaar N, Faber M, Flottorp
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772. . Importance of stratification
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800. Leonardi MJ, McGory ML, Ko CY.
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827. Livingston EH. Bariatric surge
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856. Mantone J. Massachusetts site
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882. Mazza G, Fazzi B. Five good re
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907. McKibben L, Horan T, Tokars JI
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935. Miller R, Lazar J. Public repo
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963. Morrison K. The road to JCAHO
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989. National Committee for Quality
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1017. O’Malley C. Quality measure
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1045. Peabody J. Why we love qualit
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1073. Qaseem A, Snow V, Gosfield A,
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1100. Robinowitz DL, Dudley RA. Pub
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1129. Roski J, Kim MG. Current effo
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1156. Sangl JA, Wolf LF. Role of co
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1183. Schull MJ, Guttmann A, Leaver
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1212. Shea JA, Guerra CE, Weiner J,
Page 283 and 284: 1238. Simpson AG, DeGuzman PB, Barb
Page 285 and 286: 1264. Sofaer S. What information do
Page 287 and 288: 1292. Stewart DW, Hickson GB, Pechm
Page 289 and 290: 1320. Tjia J, Field TS, Fischer SH,
Page 291 and 292: 1346. Van Beek K, Duchemin S, Gersh
Page 293 and 294: 1374. Weingarten JP, Jr., Fan W, Pe
Page 295 and 296: 1401. Wiljer D, Bogomilsky S, Catto
Page 297 and 298: 1426. Zaslavsky AM, Shaul JA, Zabor
Page 299 and 300: Appendix E. Description of Public R
Page 301 and 302: Table E1. Descriptive information a
Page 303 and 304: Table E1. Descriptive information a
Page 305 and 306: Appendix F. Method for Quality Asse
Page 307 and 308: the time periods actually prior to
Page 309 and 310: Application to Public Reporting Thi
Page 311 and 312: Table G1. Quality assessment criter
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Page 315 and 316: Section A Appendix H. Hospitals: Qu
Page 317 and 318: Table H1. Hospital quantitative stu
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Page 343 and 344: Section B Table H2. C Hospital quan
Page 345 and 346: Author, Year (QA) Baker 2003 4 (Fai
Page 347 and 348: Author, Year (QA) Clough 2002 10 (F
Page 349 and 350: Author, Year (QA) Dranove 2003 13 (
Page 351 and 352: Author, Year (QA) Foreman 1995 16 (
Page 353 and 354: Author, Year (QA) Guru 2006 19 (Fai
Page 355 and 356: Author, Year (QA) Hibbard 2003 24 (
Page 357 and 358: Author, Year (QA) Jang 2011 28 (Fai
Page 359 and 360: Author, Year (QA) Mennemeyer 1997 3
Page 361 and 362: Author, Year (QA) Omoigui 1996 34 (
Page 363 and 364: Author, Year (QA) Pope 2009 36 (Fai
Page 365 and 366: Author, Year (QA) 9. Context: Decis
Page 367 and 368: Author, Year (QA) Vladeck 1988 42 (
Page 369 and 370: Author, Year (QA) Wuebker, 2008 45
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Table H3. Hospital quantitative stu
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Table I1. Hospital qualitative stud
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Section B Table I2. Hospital qualit
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Author, Year 10. KQ3:Results 11. KQ
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Author, Year 10. KQ3:Results design
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Author, 15. Funder of Research/ Yea
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Regarding the least useful aspects,
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Section A Appendix J. Individual Pr
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Author Year (QA) Hannan 1994 21 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Mukamel 1998 33 (F
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Author Year (QA) Werner 53 2005 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Glance 2008 48 (Fa
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Author Year (QA) Hannan 1994 21 (Go
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Author Year (QA) Results: KQ1: (Hea
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Author Year (QA) Ranganathan 2009 5
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Author Year (QA) Werner 2005 53 (Go
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Author Year Barr 2008 144 1. Study
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Author Year Casalino 2007 146 1. St
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Author Year Fanjiang 2007 150 1. St
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Author Year Friedber g 2010 151 1.
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose and/or
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Author Year Longo 2003 119 1. Study
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Author Year Marshall 2006 154 Mayth
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose and/or
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Author Year Schneid er 1996 138 Con
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Author Year Schultz 2001 158 Stein
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Author Year QA Beaulieu 2002 56 Fai
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Author Year QA Chernew 2004 58 Fair
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Author Year QA Farley 2002 62 Good
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Author Year QA Hendricks 2009 66 Po
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Author Year QA 1. Study Purpose and
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Author Year QA Beaulieu 2002 56 Fai
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Author Year QA Chernew 2004 58 Fair
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Author Year QA 11. Results: KQ1: (H
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Author Year QA Farely 2002 62 Good
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Author Year QA Fowles 2000 63 Good
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Author Year QA Jung 2010 68 Good Kn
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Author Year QA 11. Results: KQ1: (H
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Author Year QA Pham 2002 73 Good 11
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Author Year QA Tae-Seale 2004 76 Fa
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Appendix M. Health Plans: Qualitati
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Author Year Farley-Short 2002 162 1
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Author Year Gabel 1998 163 1. Study
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Author Year Gibbs 1996 164 1. Study
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Author Year 1. Study Purpose 2. Geo
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Author Year Harris- Koejetin 2000 1
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Author Year Hibbard 1997 171 1. Stu
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Author Year Hibbard 2001 178 Hibbar
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Author Year Paulsbo 2007 183 Peters
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Author Year Rosenthal 2007 186 1. S
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Author Year Scanlon 2001 188 1. Stu
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Author Year Spranca 2000 190 1. Stu
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Author Year Teleki 2007 192 1. Stud
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Author Year Uhrig 2006 194 1. Study
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Section A Appendix N. Long-Term Car
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Author Year Jung 2010 85 Konetzka 2
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Author Year Werner 2009a 92 Werner
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Author Year Zinn 2010 99 1. Study P
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Author Year Castle 2007 79 Cont. 11
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Author Year Castle 2010 81 11. Resu
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Author Year Jung 2010 85 11. Result
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Author Year Mukamel 2008 86 Mukamel
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Author Year Park 2011 b 90 11. Resu
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Author Year Werner 2009 b 93 11. Re
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Author Year Werner 2010 94 Werner 2
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Author Year Zinn 2005 97 11. Result
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Author Year Zinn 2010 99 11. Result
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Appendix O. Long-Term Care: Qualita
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Author Year Castle 2005 197 1. Stud
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Author Year Gerteis 2007 198 1. Stu
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References 1. AHRQ. Methods Guide f
Page 637 and 638:
36. Pope DG. Reacting to rankings:
Page 639 and 640:
77. Wedig GJ, Tai-Seale M. The effe
Page 641 and 642:
118. Laschober M, Maxfield M, Felt-
Page 643 and 644:
157. Pettijohn TL, Lawrence ME. The
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198. Gerteis M, Gerteis JS, Newman
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