Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

4.1.8 Data encoding and protocol standards (often called middleware)
The data encoding and protocol standards address the various types of communication between
the RFID interrogator and the application, with the exception of not dealing with the
device interface an
4.1.9 Device interface standards
The device interface standards and the data application interface protocol standard (see 7.8)
are closely related.
4.1.10 Conformance and performance standards
There are two primary types of standard within this category:
Conformance standards are for evaluating whether a product fulfils the basic requirements to
be able to work (interoperate) with other products.
Performance standards are for evaluation of certain properties and especially to provide a
common way and method to compare different products.
4.1.11 Health and Safety regulations
There are two primary Health and Safety aspects associated with the use of RFID: Human
exposure to EMF (Electromagnetic fields) and EMI impact on implantable medical devices.
4.1.12 Frequency regulations
The frequency regulations govern specific aspects of radio spectrum and permitted power for
an RFID system or other radio communication system. Therefore, radio regulations – as they
are commonly called – have a direct and indirect impact on the use of RFID technology.
4.1.13 Data protection and privacy regulations
There is significant confusion among the general public – and even legislators – about data
held on an RFID tag and the ability to track individual people using the air interface protocol.
4.1.14 Air interface standards
The air interface standard primarily affects the components of the RFID system: the interrogator
and the tag by defining rules for communication between the two devices. In particular, an
air interface standard specifies physical layer and command structure.
4.1.15 Sensor standards
Often the term "sensor" is used in an imprecise and ambiguous manner. At one extreme this
term includes RFID tags that only encode data; another accepts sensors correctly as being
within the class of transducers and actuators but ignores significant differences in the means
of communication from the sensor to the application and the topology of a sensor network.
4.2 Publisher
4.2.1 ETSI
ETSI is the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
ETSI produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies
(ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies.
Membership of ETSI is open to any company or organization interested in the creation of telecommunications
standards and standards in other electronic communications networks and
related services.
4.2.2 CEN
CEN is the European Committee for Standardization.
CEN works in a large number of sectors, in fact in virtually every area that the partner European
Standards Organizations, CENELEC and ETSI, do not.
CEN's National Members are the National Standards Organizations of 30 European countries.
There is only one member per country. Associate Members are broad-based European organizations,
representing particular sectors of industry as well as consumers, environmentalists,
workers, and small and medium-sized enterprises.
CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things
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