Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

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Social context Surrounding people and/or objects/things Type of group Link to people and/or objects/things Net link - Internet of Things Environmental context Location, position Time Condition Physical data 1.3 Beyond RF The devices used in the future IoT will employ wireless communications using the frequency spectrum beyond the radio frequency range. The table below present the mapping between the frequency spectrum and the existing standards and protocols that are used for implementing wireless identifiable devices. Table 4.11-1: Summary of standards used for IoT applications. Range Frequency Range LF Low Frequency 30kHz to 300kHz 10km to 1km MF Medium Frequency Wavelength Frequency Standard 30-50kHz 125/134kHz 1 131/450kHz USID ISO/IEC 18000-2 IEEE P1902.1/ RuBee ETSI EN 300 330 300kHz to 3MHz 1km to 100m ETSI EN 300 330 HF High Frequency 3MHz to 30MHz 100m to 10m VHF UHF SHF EHF Very High Frequency Ultra High Frequency Super High Frequency Extremely High Frequency 30MHz to 300MHz 300MHz to 3GHz 1m to 10cm 3GHz to 30GHz 10cm to 1cm 30GHz to 300GHz 6.78MHz 2 7.4-8.8MHz 13.56MHz 27MHz 10m to 1m 125MHz 1cm to 1mm 433MHz 840-956MHz 2.45GHz 3.1-10,6GHz 5.8GHz 24.125GHz ISO/IEC 18000-3 ISO/IEC 15693 ISO/IEC 14443 ISO/IEC 18092/NFC ISO/IEC 10536 EPCglobal EPC HF C1G2 ETSI EN 300 330 ISO/IEC 18000-7 ISO/IEC 18000-6 Types A, B. C, D EPCglobal EPC UHF C1G2 IEEE 802.11 ISO/IEC 18000-4 IEEE 802.15 WPAN IEEE 802.15 WPAN Low Rate IEEE 802.15 RFID ETSI EN 300 220 ETSI EN 300 440 ETSI EN 302 208 IEEE 802.15.4a WPAN UWB ETSI EN 300 440 MMID ETSI EN 300 440 1, 2 According to Annex 9 of the ERC Rec 70-03, inductive RFID Reader systems primarily operate either below 135 kHz or at 6.78 or 13.56 MHz. The correlated transponder (TRP) data return frequencies reside in the following ranges: LF Range Transponder Frequencies: fC = < 135 kHz, f TRP = 135 to 148.5 kHz HF Range Transponder Frequencies: fC = 6.78 MHz f TRP = 4.78 to 8.78 MHz fC = 13.56 MHz f TRP = 11.56 to 15.56 MHz. CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 184
2 Technology The technological developments that are offering the technology basis for IoT are the exponential increase of the processing and storage power of the devices, miniaturisation, ubiquitous connectivity and autonomous behaviour and the ability of devices to connect and to sense i.e. the ability to be intelligent. From the technological point of view, in order to realise the vision of the IoT, several technological advances must be carried out by the research community The social impact of these three technological trends is the key driver to the Internet of Things. 2.1 Energy Energy in all its phases of harvesting, conservation and consumption is a key issue in the future. There is a need to research and develop solutions in this area, having as an ultimate objective a level of entropy as close as possible to zero. Current technology development is inadequate and existing processing power and energy capacity is too low to cope with future needs. The development of new and more efficient and compact energy storage sources such as batteries, fuel cells, and printed/polymer batteries etc; as well as new energy generation devices coupling energy transmission methods or energy harvesting using energy conversion, will be the key factors for the roll-out of autonomous wireless smart systems. 2.2 Intelligence The Intelligence of devices, in particular as regards context awareness and inter-machine communication, is considered a high priority for the IoT. This context awareness is strongly related to information received via sensors, corresponding sensor networks and the capabilities of localisation, as well as the possibilities to influence via appropriate actuators. Besides this, environmental context identification can also be user related or social. Communication capabilities will have to include multi-standard as well as multi-protocol compatibility. Furthermore, the development of ultra low power designs for mobile IoT devices and a new class of simple and affordable IoT-centric smart systems will be an enabling factor. In that context the terminology of ultra low power design is a broad one - from high efficiency frontends, ultra low power processors/microcontroller cores, ultra low power signal processing capabilities, ultra low power sensors to low power base stations. however the intelligence of local IoT nodes will be heavily restricted by size, cost and need to mass-produce in high speed, roll-to-roll manufacturing processes, thus keeping the distributed intelligence on a rather low level and accordingly specific. Processing of accumulated information will take place separately. 2.3 Communication Communication, in terms of physical wave transmission and protocols, will be the cornerstone of the novel IoT architecture. Integration of smart devices into the products themselves will allow significant cost savings and increase the eco-friendliness of products. In the future, application- specific antennae will need to be developed, in order to allow the smooth functioning of applications and services; those antennae will eventually evolve into smart devices themselves, able to reconfigure themselves, and to adapt to the specific application needs and to their surrounding environment. 2.4 Integration The integration of chips and antennae into non-standard substrates like textiles and paper, even metal laminates and the development of new substrates, conducting paths and bonding materials adapted to harsh environments and for environmentally friendly disposal will become mainstream technologies. RFID inlays with a strap coupling structure will be used to connect the integrated circuit chip and antenna in order to produce a variety of shapes and sizes of labels, instead of direct mounting. Inductive or capacitive coupling of specifically designed strap-like antennae will avoid galvanic interconnection and thus increase reliability and allow even faster production processes. The target must physically integrate the RFID structure with the material of the object to be identified, in such a way as to enable the object to physically act as the antenna. This will require ultra-thin structures (< 10 μm) as well as printed electronics, which are both robust and flexible. CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 185
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Vision and Challenges for Realising
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Foreword Vision and Challenges for
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Table of contents Foreword Vision a
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1 Organization ....................
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Chapter 1 The Internet of Things
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1 Origin of the concept of "Interne
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2.1 Research perspective Today the
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(RFID), Near Field Communication (N
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According to SRI Consulting Busines
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Security and software Human interfa
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According to ISTAG, technical resea
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ties can be grouped around two axes
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emerging uses and services, and lau
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Chapter 2 The CERP-IoT Cluster
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floor, and other things happening i
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eral solutions have emerged, either
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Acronym Project Title Coordinator H
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Chapter 3 Strategic Research Agenda
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Safety, Security and Privacy, Envi
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dynamically extended and improved b
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Domain 1 Fundamental characteristic
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T he concept of Internet of Things
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The vehicle itself is also consider
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technology should foster a communit
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Every day millions of people move u
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3.3 Technologies supporting the Int
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The traffic in the Internet of Thin
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Coverage - sparse, dense or redunda
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IoT will create new services and ne
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including the virtual counterparts
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Issues to be addressed: Event-driv
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competitive marketplace that benefi
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equired for IoT applications. Such
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ility of things in their acting wil
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Acknowledgements Many colleagues ha
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T eams from research projects and i
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should help brand owners to find th
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3.1 Authentication Features For eac
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4 Business Process Integration Seam
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4.2 Challenges for Usage of Network
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esent one step in the supply chain,
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A reaction of things could be trigg
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Table 4.2-1: Application Case Featu
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NDEI- Service InformationBrokerage
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7 References [Barry02] Barry, Dougl
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data to a central server. When used
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The smart retail concept holds simi
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6 Acknowledgment The authors would
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Nevertheless, the majority of exist
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To implement this service, case and
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moving it from the reader’s anten
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The servers can process requests in
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web client. The solution largely re
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ently, establishing transparency ac
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Kourouthanassis, P., & Roussos, G.
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The importance of identity manageme
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Middleware and other software devel
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1.2 Objectives The objective of the
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Air interfaces still do have differ
Page 134 and 135: 4.2.3 ITU-T ITU is the United Natio
Page 136 and 137: The report's conclusion highlights
Page 138 and 139: made significant progress on the de
Page 140 and 141: Finally, a more theoretical researc
Page 142 and 143: monitoring that manufactured goods
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Page 146 and 147: tually sold, at which moment in tim
Page 148 and 149: Business case analysis: Two busines
Page 150 and 151: of far field and near field UHF tag
Page 152 and 153: The manufacturing pilot provided sy
Page 154 and 155: also coming from distributed electr
Page 156 and 157: The ASPIRE architecture identifies
Page 158 and 159: ASPIRE Innovative filtering solutio
Page 160 and 161: 3.2 Semantic Device Discovery and O
Page 162 and 163: Concretely, Hydra uses web services
Page 165 and 166: 4.9 Usage of RFID in the Forest & W
Page 167 and 168: sufficiently long and consistent re
Page 169 and 170: The purpose of Traceability Service
Page 171 and 172: An overview of the LCA procedure, c
Page 173: The environmental KPIs harmonize wi
Page 176 and 177: 5. Involving a large number of Memb
Page 178 and 179: Maintain a roadmap of the relevant
Page 180 and 181: 4 Members The RACE networkRFID comm
Page 182 and 183: EPoSS has close links with other ET
Page 186 and 187: 2.5 Interoperability It is common k
Page 188 and 189: fraction of the time. RFID technolo
Page 190 and 191: The middleware solutions for these
Page 193 and 194: T he AmI-4-SME project is addressin
Page 195 and 196: BRIDGE (Building Radio frequency ID
Page 197 and 198: T oday’s Internet is rapidly evol
Page 199 and 200: T he CoBIs project developed a radi
Page 201 and 202: C uteLoop has the strategic objecti
Page 203 and 204: T he DiY Smart Experiences project
Page 205 and 206: T he project objectives of DYNA- MI
Page 207 and 208: epresentatives of the Member States
Page 209 and 210: Approach The EURIDICE platform will
Page 211 and 212: T he first objective of the Hydra p
Page 213 and 214: This will produce new inputs to set
Page 215 and 216: IMS2020 strives for strengthening i
Page 217 and 218: L eapfrog is a joint research and i
Page 219 and 220: F easibility study for an improved
Page 221 and 222: R FID will form the basis of better
Page 223 and 224: T he SMART project employees RFID t
Page 225 and 226: T he StoLPaN project aims to define
Page 227 and 228: T he recently completed three-year
Page 229: Expected Impact WALTER is aimed at
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